Wah, so many biculturalists here !
I remember reading in the ROTK, when Cao was feeling supreme at his peak, his advisors did prompt him on declaring himself as Sovereign since power was effectively in his hands & his fame & respect were deemed widespread enough.
Cao, did contemplated & mused on this issue for quite a while.
I believe in the end, he smiled but did not take on the advice.
When queried, I think he said words to the effect that he won't do it, perhaps it is up to his descendents to do so.
I think it is not for lack of ambition - he was a traditionalist who was brought up on the Confucian notions of Heavenly Emperor & Subjects concepts... besides he had fought for Emperor against tyrannical ministers all his life - against the 10 Eunuchs, General Ho, then General Dong Zhuo. So I think he really can't bring himself to usurp the Han Throne, also mindful of how historians will judge him. After all, he is already 一人之下,万人之上 and Emperor is his puppet & real power is in his hands, so, retaining a good loyal name is a more desirable goal. He still needs the moral authority to issue edicts to the other warlords in the Emperor's name.
As to the apparent difference of opinion here whether Cao had declared himself King of Cao, I feel the confusion here is the Chinese word 王。Can be interpreted as 'Lord', 'Duke' of a province, or a high hereditary title.
It is true Cao was bestowed by the Emperor (wayang of course) the title of Lord/Duke/'King' Wei. That is how Wei came to be associated with his family's kingdom title.
These titles are more or less self-engineered - whether Wei, HanZhongWang or WuHou.
As for declaring the title Emperor 帝 upon oneself - was it Liu Bei who did it first or Cao Pi ? Can't remember, think it is Liu.
Of course Liu died early, so his stupid son Ah Dou became Emperor...
Cao Pi tulan also declared himself Emperor. Unlike his Dad, he had no qualms asking the last Han Emperor to abdicate in his favour.
Sun Quan actually is of the same generation as Liu Bei & Cao Cao, but he is the longest living among them - so i think he is last to declare Emperor for himself.
Tio Boh ? salah peiseh
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