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whatever … USA still Number One. 1.3 billion Moslem have been fucked by USA and they can't do anything about it. What a loser.
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Chitchat Opium and China Military threads
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https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiews2472713.shtml
美媒：中国海军空前发展 在西太兵力是美军5倍
美媒：中国海军空前发展 在西太兵力是美军5倍
472
美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）5月16日文章，原题：中国海军的目标是什么？西方迫不及待地想知道 众所周知，过去15年来，中国海军经历了空前的发展、快速现代化和活动范围的扩大——这引起了外界对中国最终意图的担忧。
本月稍早前举行的一个研讨会上，200多位海军专家齐聚美国海军战争学院，讨论这些担忧及中国海军军力增强所带来的广泛挑战。
一名与会专家——美国太平洋舰队前情报处处长、退役海军上校詹姆斯·法内尔表示，过去10年来，中国海军入役的舰艇是美国海军的将近4倍。
另一名与会者提及，西太平洋的海军军力对比向有利于中国的方向转变，中国在西太平洋有106个海军导弹平台，而美国海军为22个。
或许更重要的，专家们说，是中国称其在研发激光、高超音速和电磁脉冲武器及无人系统等领域取得迅速进展。
但是，尽管中国及其海军投入了巨大资源，但仍面临种种挑战和不足，不能将上述进展全部转化为威慑。
一个问题是：尽管中国近年来力推协同作战，并进行改革成立了联合作战指挥机构，中国各军种仍然不能很好地协同工作。
解放军尚未在演习中展现完全的诸军种一体化，表明在这方面还有很多工作要做。联合作战演习仍是小规模的，诸军种在演习中所扮演的角色在时空上仍是分开的。这意味着多军种作战仍（与美军）存在差距，特别是在“第一岛链”之外或远海的作战中。
中国对其近海海域的监视享有优势，但在远海则不然。中国缺乏海基空中力量和外海基地提供陆基空中支持，这限制了海军通过对地攻击巡航导弹或无人系统以外的手段向陆地投射军力的能力。
11年前，中国海军开始打击海盗的行动，此后已明显增加其在海外的活动，但尚未展现出能够保护经由印度洋的海上运输线的能力。中国70%的能源需求和80%的贸易必须通过这一海域。
不过，中国（对美国）构成的海上挑战是切切实实的。中国发起了大规模的海洋研究和调查，遍及全球各大洋。此外，现在中国海军活动范围扩大到全球，与30多个国家海军举行联合演习。
中国的海上战略，是将该国的民、商和外交及海军行动紧密结合，达到别国无法相比的程度。比如，不久前莫桑比克遭遇台风灾害后，最先反应的是中国企业和商船。
解放军海军的主要目标仍是地区性的，包括控制台湾和南海等“近海”。但现在，中国领导人在考虑解放军海军的全球雄心，计划2050年前实现目标。（作者卡尔·舒斯特，乔恒译）
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每日军情TOP5
US media: unprecedented development of the Chinese navy, the West military force is 5 times that of the US military
US media: unprecedented development of the Chinese navy, the West military force is 5 times that of the US military
472
US Cable News Network (CNN) May 16 article, original question: What is the goal of the Chinese Navy? The West can't wait to know It is well known that over the past 15 years, the Chinese navy has experienced unprecedented development, rapid modernization, and expanded scope of activities – which has raised concerns about China's final intentions.
At a seminar held earlier this month, more than 200 naval experts gathered at the US Naval War College to discuss these concerns and the wide range of challenges brought about by the strengthening of the Chinese navy.
A participating expert, former director of the US Pacific Fleet Intelligence Division and retired Navy Colonel James Farnell said that the Chinese Navy has nearly four times as many ships as the US Navy in the past 10 years.
Another participant mentioned that the naval power of the Western Pacific has changed in favor of China. China has 106 naval missile platforms in the western Pacific and 22 in the US Navy.
Perhaps more importantly, experts say that China has made rapid progress in the areas of laser, hypersonic and electromagnetic pulse weapons and unmanned systems.
However, despite the huge resources invested by China and its navy, it still faces challenges and deficiencies that cannot be translated into deterrence.
One problem is that although China has promoted coordinated operations in recent years and reformed and established a joint operational command organization, China's various services still cannot work well together.
The PLA has not yet demonstrated the complete integration of the various services in the exercise, indicating that there is still much work to be done in this area. Joint operations exercises are still small-scale, and the roles played by the various services in the exercise are still separated in time and space. This means that there is still a gap between the multi-service operations (and the US military), especially in the battle outside the "first island chain" or in the open sea.
China has an advantage in monitoring its offshore waters, but not in the distant seas. China's lack of sea-based airpower and offshore bases provides land-based air support, which limits the ability of the Navy to project military forces on land by means of ground-attacking cruise missiles or means other than unmanned systems.
11 years ago, the Chinese navy began to crack down on piracy, and has since significantly increased its overseas activities, but has yet to demonstrate its ability to protect the maritime transport lines through the Indian Ocean. 70% of China's energy needs and 80% of trade must pass through this sea area.
However, the maritime challenge that China (to the United States) poses is real. China has launched large-scale marine research and surveys across the world. In addition, the scope of the Chinese navy has now expanded to the world, and joint exercises with more than 30 national navies.
China's maritime strategy is to closely integrate the country's civil, commercial and diplomatic and naval actions to the extent that it cannot be compared with other countries. For example, not long after Mozambique suffered a typhoon disaster, the first response was Chinese companies and merchant ships.
The main goal of the PLA Navy is still regional, including the control of "offshore" such as Taiwan and the South China Sea. But now, Chinese leaders are considering the global ambitions of the PLA Navy and plan to achieve their goals by 2050. (Author Carl Schuster, translated by Joe Heng)
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Daily military TOP5
美媒：中国海军空前发展 在西太兵力是美军5倍
美媒：中国海军空前发展 在西太兵力是美军5倍
472
美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）5月16日文章，原题：中国海军的目标是什么？西方迫不及待地想知道 众所周知，过去15年来，中国海军经历了空前的发展、快速现代化和活动范围的扩大——这引起了外界对中国最终意图的担忧。
本月稍早前举行的一个研讨会上，200多位海军专家齐聚美国海军战争学院，讨论这些担忧及中国海军军力增强所带来的广泛挑战。
一名与会专家——美国太平洋舰队前情报处处长、退役海军上校詹姆斯·法内尔表示，过去10年来，中国海军入役的舰艇是美国海军的将近4倍。
另一名与会者提及，西太平洋的海军军力对比向有利于中国的方向转变，中国在西太平洋有106个海军导弹平台，而美国海军为22个。
或许更重要的，专家们说，是中国称其在研发激光、高超音速和电磁脉冲武器及无人系统等领域取得迅速进展。
但是，尽管中国及其海军投入了巨大资源，但仍面临种种挑战和不足，不能将上述进展全部转化为威慑。
一个问题是：尽管中国近年来力推协同作战，并进行改革成立了联合作战指挥机构，中国各军种仍然不能很好地协同工作。
解放军尚未在演习中展现完全的诸军种一体化，表明在这方面还有很多工作要做。联合作战演习仍是小规模的，诸军种在演习中所扮演的角色在时空上仍是分开的。这意味着多军种作战仍（与美军）存在差距，特别是在“第一岛链”之外或远海的作战中。
中国对其近海海域的监视享有优势，但在远海则不然。中国缺乏海基空中力量和外海基地提供陆基空中支持，这限制了海军通过对地攻击巡航导弹或无人系统以外的手段向陆地投射军力的能力。
11年前，中国海军开始打击海盗的行动，此后已明显增加其在海外的活动，但尚未展现出能够保护经由印度洋的海上运输线的能力。中国70%的能源需求和80%的贸易必须通过这一海域。
不过，中国（对美国）构成的海上挑战是切切实实的。中国发起了大规模的海洋研究和调查，遍及全球各大洋。此外，现在中国海军活动范围扩大到全球，与30多个国家海军举行联合演习。
中国的海上战略，是将该国的民、商和外交及海军行动紧密结合，达到别国无法相比的程度。比如，不久前莫桑比克遭遇台风灾害后，最先反应的是中国企业和商船。
解放军海军的主要目标仍是地区性的，包括控制台湾和南海等“近海”。但现在，中国领导人在考虑解放军海军的全球雄心，计划2050年前实现目标。（作者卡尔·舒斯特，乔恒译）
点击进入专题：
每日军情TOP5
US media: unprecedented development of the Chinese navy, the West military force is 5 times that of the US military
US media: unprecedented development of the Chinese navy, the West military force is 5 times that of the US military
472
US Cable News Network (CNN) May 16 article, original question: What is the goal of the Chinese Navy? The West can't wait to know It is well known that over the past 15 years, the Chinese navy has experienced unprecedented development, rapid modernization, and expanded scope of activities – which has raised concerns about China's final intentions.
At a seminar held earlier this month, more than 200 naval experts gathered at the US Naval War College to discuss these concerns and the wide range of challenges brought about by the strengthening of the Chinese navy.
A participating expert, former director of the US Pacific Fleet Intelligence Division and retired Navy Colonel James Farnell said that the Chinese Navy has nearly four times as many ships as the US Navy in the past 10 years.
Another participant mentioned that the naval power of the Western Pacific has changed in favor of China. China has 106 naval missile platforms in the western Pacific and 22 in the US Navy.
Perhaps more importantly, experts say that China has made rapid progress in the areas of laser, hypersonic and electromagnetic pulse weapons and unmanned systems.
However, despite the huge resources invested by China and its navy, it still faces challenges and deficiencies that cannot be translated into deterrence.
One problem is that although China has promoted coordinated operations in recent years and reformed and established a joint operational command organization, China's various services still cannot work well together.
The PLA has not yet demonstrated the complete integration of the various services in the exercise, indicating that there is still much work to be done in this area. Joint operations exercises are still small-scale, and the roles played by the various services in the exercise are still separated in time and space. This means that there is still a gap between the multi-service operations (and the US military), especially in the battle outside the "first island chain" or in the open sea.
China has an advantage in monitoring its offshore waters, but not in the distant seas. China's lack of sea-based airpower and offshore bases provides land-based air support, which limits the ability of the Navy to project military forces on land by means of ground-attacking cruise missiles or means other than unmanned systems.
11 years ago, the Chinese navy began to crack down on piracy, and has since significantly increased its overseas activities, but has yet to demonstrate its ability to protect the maritime transport lines through the Indian Ocean. 70% of China's energy needs and 80% of trade must pass through this sea area.
However, the maritime challenge that China (to the United States) poses is real. China has launched large-scale marine research and surveys across the world. In addition, the scope of the Chinese navy has now expanded to the world, and joint exercises with more than 30 national navies.
China's maritime strategy is to closely integrate the country's civil, commercial and diplomatic and naval actions to the extent that it cannot be compared with other countries. For example, not long after Mozambique suffered a typhoon disaster, the first response was Chinese companies and merchant ships.
The main goal of the PLA Navy is still regional, including the control of "offshore" such as Taiwan and the South China Sea. But now, Chinese leaders are considering the global ambitions of the PLA Navy and plan to achieve their goals by 2050. (Author Carl Schuster, translated by Joe Heng)
Click to enter the topic:
Daily military TOP5
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This week Putin inspected SU-57 and spoken to Sukhoi management to get 20% discount for PLA, Ordering is expected. Chinese say WAF?! So cheap ah? half the price of our own J-15 only! Can buy plenty!
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiqax9392415.shtml
普京约谈后苏57战机降价20% 比中国歼15还便宜一半？
普京约谈后苏57战机降价20% 比中国歼15还便宜一半？
75
特朗普上任初期，大家应该对他心心念的要压缩F-35采购单价应该有印象，如今同样的戏码在俄罗斯上演。
日前，普京前往位于阿赫图宾斯克的国家飞行试验中心并召开军工会议。期间确定了一则重磅事项，俄军将在2028年前购买76架苏-57战机。相比早前决定仅购买16架，这个意外的数字引发外界极大关注。相比采购数字，背后的采购单价则被忽略。今天，北国防务（微信ID：sinorusdef）就来说说这事。
△外界目前对苏-57是否是真的五代机存在很大争议
苏-57如今可以说是“谤满天下”，外界都在搬小凳子等着看它笑话。如何判断苏-57失败呢？最直接的当然就是看采购数量，如果连俄军都不买，想说它“不失败”都难。
俄军早前发布的信息显示，苏-57在未来近10年的时间将只采购16架。就俄军的体量而言，这个数字几乎已经等于宣告苏-57项目“失败”。眼看苏-57“失败”就要成为板上钉钉的事实，普京突然表态要采购76架无异于惊天大逆转，外界自然会多关注一下。
打开克里姆林宫网站5月15号的报道，我们先来看看普京说了啥：
“苏-35S和苏-57多功能战机正处于最后阶段的国家试验，它们拥有‘无与伦比’的性能，在全世界都是‘最好’的。空天军3个航空团未来‘必不可少’的要换装苏-57未来航空系统”……
“昨天在阿赫图宾斯克，我和绍伊古部长讨论了这个问题。在现行2018-2027武器发展规划中，苏-57的采购数量是16架。我们昨天讨论了这个事情，与工业界达成一致意见，工业界将把飞机和配套武器的价格压缩20%……这样，我们就能购买更多这么一款全新一代的飞机。我们同意在不涨价的情况下购买76架苏-57，数量很重要，但并不是重点，重点是我们在近40年来从未拥有这样一个全新的平台。我希望我们能够尽快签订调整后的新合同，并着手系统的交付76架配备现代化武器的战机以及全新的地面保障设施……”
△苏-35S当前的俄军采购价为4000多万美元，比苏-57更“贵”
这里面的重点就是苏-57好，得买。但以前太贵买不起，如今在被普京约谈后苏-57降价20%，可以买了。
普京发话，俄罗斯媒体也开始爆料即将到来的“合同”。据俄《生意人报》引述国防工业界的消息来源，76架苏-57的采购合同可能将在几个月后的莫斯科航展上签署，合同价值1700亿卢布。也就是说，苏-57的单价约22.36亿卢布，约合3500万美元，这个真的是战机界中的“白菜价”了。
3500万美元是什么概念呢？我们可以来看看中美的战机，解放军的战机中歼-15的价格已知，4亿人民币，约合6000万美元，也就是说苏-57的价格仅比歼-15的一半略多点，考虑到这是歼-15以前的价格，歼-15若进行一定升级，苏-57的价格或许只需其一半；美军正在采购的战机中F-35系列平均单价约1.436亿美元、首批F-15EX战斗轰炸机单价约1.375亿美元（含研发成本）、F/A-18E/F舰载机单价约8333万美元。
△公开的信息显示歼-15造价为4亿，但不同国家的武器价格进行直接对比并不合适
那么，这个单价靠谱么？这可以从两个方面来理解：首先，就经济价值而言，3500万美元买一架五代机，即便是3.75代战机也是不大靠谱的；不过，如果放在俄罗斯的情境下，是可以理解。如今看俄罗斯武器的价格还是应该已卢布为准，换算成美元的话就会严重“失真”。俄罗斯的经济和工业体系相对封闭，2014年虽然经历了卢布贬值，但启动价格稳定机制后，国内物价变化并不大，尤其是那些不对外部有依赖的产品。如果以苏-35S的卢布价格为准，那么苏-57的价格则是它的近2倍，这样就不难理解苏-57的真实价值了。另外，俄军的装备采购价格大都是压榨厂商“为国服务”，并没有算进合理利润，这个价格足以让厂商生存，却不可能大赚。
作为厂商，肯定是希望新飞机大卖，而作为军方放着更先进的飞机怎么可能不想要？苏-57采购波折的核心还是军方能有多少钱可去买飞机，军方和工业这两大势力其实是都是普京的人掌舵，普京出手的关键等于给钱平衡双方（即便再打折，76架苏-57的钱也比原本的16架多出很多），厂商有活干、军方有飞机用。（作者署名：北国防务）
After Putin’s appointment, the post-Su 57 fighters’ price cuts are 20% cheaper than the Chinese 歼15.
After Putin’s appointment, the post-Su 57 fighters’ price cuts are 20% cheaper than the Chinese 歼15.
75
At the beginning of Trump's tenure, everyone should be impressed with his desire to compress the F-35 purchase price. Now the same drama is staged in Russia.
A few days ago, Putin went to the National Flight Test Center in Ahtubbinsk and held a military conference. During the period, a heavy item was determined. The Russian army will purchase 76 Su-57 fighters by 2028. Compared with the earlier decision to purchase only 16 aircraft, this unexpected number has caused great concern. Compared to the purchase figures, the purchase price behind it is ignored. Today, the Northern Defense Service (WeChat ID: Sinorusdef) says this.
△There is a lot of controversy about whether the Su-57 is really a fifth-generation machine.
Su-57 can now be said to be "full of the world", the outside world is moving a small stool waiting to see its jokes. How to judge the failure of Su-57? The most direct course is to look at the quantity of purchases. If the Russian army does not buy it, it is difficult to say that it does not fail.
According to information released by the Russian military earlier, the Su-57 will only purchase 16 aircraft in the next 10 years. As far as the size of the Russian army is concerned, this figure is almost equal to the announcement of the “failure” of the Su-57 project. Seeing that the Su-57 "failure" is going to be a nail-studded fact, Putin suddenly stated that buying 76 aircraft is tantamount to a terrible reversal, and the outside world will naturally pay more attention to it.
Open the Kremlin website on May 15th, let's first take a look at Putin's statement:
"The Su-35S and Su-57 multi-role fighters are in the final stage of national trials. They have 'unparalleled' performance and are the 'best' in the world. Air Force 3 Air Forces are 'indispensable in the future' 'To replace the Su-57 future aviation system'...
"Yesterday in Akhtobinsk, I discussed this issue with Minister Shoy. In the current 2018-2027 weapons development plan, the number of Su-57 purchases is 16. We discussed this matter yesterday and reached with the industry. Consensus, the industry will reduce the price of aircraft and supporting weapons by 20%... so that we can buy more of this new generation of aircraft. We agree to buy 76 Su-57 without raising prices. The quantity is important, but not the point. The point is that we have never had such a brand new platform in the past 40 years. I hope that we can sign the new contract as soon as possible and start the system to deliver 76 aircraft equipped with modern weapons. New ground support facility..."
△ Su-35S current Russian military purchase price is more than 40 million US dollars, more expensive than Su-57
The key point here is that Su-57 is good, you have to buy it. But before it was too expensive to buy, now after being interviewed by Putin, Su-57 can cut prices by 20% and can buy it.
Putin spoke, the Russian media also began to break the upcoming "contract." According to the Russian "Kommersant" quoted sources of defense industry, 76 Su-57 procurement contracts may be signed at the Moscow Air Show a few months later, with a contract value of 170 billion rubles. In other words, the unit price of the Su-57 is about 2.236 billion rubles, about 35 million US dollars. This is really the "cabbage price" in the fighter plane.
What is the concept of $35 million? We can take a look at the Chinese and American warplanes. The price of the 歼-15 in the PLA's fighter plane is known, 400 million yuan, about 60 million US dollars, which means that the price of the Su-57 is only slightly more than half of the 歼-15. Considering that this is the price before the 歼-15, if the 歼-15 is upgraded, the price of the Su-57 may only be half of it; the average unit price of the F-35 series that the US military is purchasing is about $143.6 million, the first batch of F The unit price of the -15EX fighter-bomber is about 137.5 million US dollars (including research and development costs), and the unit price of the F/A-18E/F carrier aircraft is about 83.33 million US dollars.
△The public information shows that the price of 歼-15 is 400 million, but the direct comparison of weapons prices in different countries is not appropriate.
So, is this unit price reliable? This can be understood from two aspects: First, in terms of economic value, 35 million dollars to buy a fifth-generation aircraft, even the 3.75 generation fighter is not very reliable; however, if placed in the Russian situation, it can be understanding. Nowadays, the price of Russian weapons should still be subject to the ruble. If it is converted into US dollars, it will be seriously "distorted." Russia's economic and industrial system is relatively closed. Although it experienced the depreciation of the ruble in 2014, after the price stabilization mechanism was launched, domestic prices did not change much, especially those products that did not depend on the outside. If the price of the Su-35S ruble is subject to the price of Su-35S, then the price of Su-57 is nearly doubled, so it is not difficult to understand the true value of Su-57. In addition, the Russian military's equipment purchase price is mostly the crushing manufacturers "serving for the country", and does not count into a reasonable profit, this price is enough for the manufacturers to survive, but it is impossible to make a big profit.
As a manufacturer, I definitely hope that the new aircraft will be sold, and how can the military not want to be a more advanced aircraft? The core of the Su-57 procurement twists and turns is how much money the military can buy to buy planes. The two forces of the military and the industry are actually the helm of Putin. The key to Putin’s shot is equal to giving money to both sides (even if they are discounted, The 76 Su-57s also have a lot more money than the original 16). The manufacturers have jobs and the military has aircraft. (Author's signature: Northern Defense)
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiqax9392415.shtml
普京约谈后苏57战机降价20% 比中国歼15还便宜一半？
普京约谈后苏57战机降价20% 比中国歼15还便宜一半？
75
特朗普上任初期，大家应该对他心心念的要压缩F-35采购单价应该有印象，如今同样的戏码在俄罗斯上演。
日前，普京前往位于阿赫图宾斯克的国家飞行试验中心并召开军工会议。期间确定了一则重磅事项，俄军将在2028年前购买76架苏-57战机。相比早前决定仅购买16架，这个意外的数字引发外界极大关注。相比采购数字，背后的采购单价则被忽略。今天，北国防务（微信ID：sinorusdef）就来说说这事。
△外界目前对苏-57是否是真的五代机存在很大争议
苏-57如今可以说是“谤满天下”，外界都在搬小凳子等着看它笑话。如何判断苏-57失败呢？最直接的当然就是看采购数量，如果连俄军都不买，想说它“不失败”都难。
俄军早前发布的信息显示，苏-57在未来近10年的时间将只采购16架。就俄军的体量而言，这个数字几乎已经等于宣告苏-57项目“失败”。眼看苏-57“失败”就要成为板上钉钉的事实，普京突然表态要采购76架无异于惊天大逆转，外界自然会多关注一下。
打开克里姆林宫网站5月15号的报道，我们先来看看普京说了啥：
“苏-35S和苏-57多功能战机正处于最后阶段的国家试验，它们拥有‘无与伦比’的性能，在全世界都是‘最好’的。空天军3个航空团未来‘必不可少’的要换装苏-57未来航空系统”……
“昨天在阿赫图宾斯克，我和绍伊古部长讨论了这个问题。在现行2018-2027武器发展规划中，苏-57的采购数量是16架。我们昨天讨论了这个事情，与工业界达成一致意见，工业界将把飞机和配套武器的价格压缩20%……这样，我们就能购买更多这么一款全新一代的飞机。我们同意在不涨价的情况下购买76架苏-57，数量很重要，但并不是重点，重点是我们在近40年来从未拥有这样一个全新的平台。我希望我们能够尽快签订调整后的新合同，并着手系统的交付76架配备现代化武器的战机以及全新的地面保障设施……”
△苏-35S当前的俄军采购价为4000多万美元，比苏-57更“贵”
这里面的重点就是苏-57好，得买。但以前太贵买不起，如今在被普京约谈后苏-57降价20%，可以买了。
普京发话，俄罗斯媒体也开始爆料即将到来的“合同”。据俄《生意人报》引述国防工业界的消息来源，76架苏-57的采购合同可能将在几个月后的莫斯科航展上签署，合同价值1700亿卢布。也就是说，苏-57的单价约22.36亿卢布，约合3500万美元，这个真的是战机界中的“白菜价”了。
3500万美元是什么概念呢？我们可以来看看中美的战机，解放军的战机中歼-15的价格已知，4亿人民币，约合6000万美元，也就是说苏-57的价格仅比歼-15的一半略多点，考虑到这是歼-15以前的价格，歼-15若进行一定升级，苏-57的价格或许只需其一半；美军正在采购的战机中F-35系列平均单价约1.436亿美元、首批F-15EX战斗轰炸机单价约1.375亿美元（含研发成本）、F/A-18E/F舰载机单价约8333万美元。
△公开的信息显示歼-15造价为4亿，但不同国家的武器价格进行直接对比并不合适
那么，这个单价靠谱么？这可以从两个方面来理解：首先，就经济价值而言，3500万美元买一架五代机，即便是3.75代战机也是不大靠谱的；不过，如果放在俄罗斯的情境下，是可以理解。如今看俄罗斯武器的价格还是应该已卢布为准，换算成美元的话就会严重“失真”。俄罗斯的经济和工业体系相对封闭，2014年虽然经历了卢布贬值，但启动价格稳定机制后，国内物价变化并不大，尤其是那些不对外部有依赖的产品。如果以苏-35S的卢布价格为准，那么苏-57的价格则是它的近2倍，这样就不难理解苏-57的真实价值了。另外，俄军的装备采购价格大都是压榨厂商“为国服务”，并没有算进合理利润，这个价格足以让厂商生存，却不可能大赚。
作为厂商，肯定是希望新飞机大卖，而作为军方放着更先进的飞机怎么可能不想要？苏-57采购波折的核心还是军方能有多少钱可去买飞机，军方和工业这两大势力其实是都是普京的人掌舵，普京出手的关键等于给钱平衡双方（即便再打折，76架苏-57的钱也比原本的16架多出很多），厂商有活干、军方有飞机用。（作者署名：北国防务）
After Putin’s appointment, the post-Su 57 fighters’ price cuts are 20% cheaper than the Chinese 歼15.
After Putin’s appointment, the post-Su 57 fighters’ price cuts are 20% cheaper than the Chinese 歼15.
75
At the beginning of Trump's tenure, everyone should be impressed with his desire to compress the F-35 purchase price. Now the same drama is staged in Russia.
A few days ago, Putin went to the National Flight Test Center in Ahtubbinsk and held a military conference. During the period, a heavy item was determined. The Russian army will purchase 76 Su-57 fighters by 2028. Compared with the earlier decision to purchase only 16 aircraft, this unexpected number has caused great concern. Compared to the purchase figures, the purchase price behind it is ignored. Today, the Northern Defense Service (WeChat ID: Sinorusdef) says this.
△There is a lot of controversy about whether the Su-57 is really a fifth-generation machine.
Su-57 can now be said to be "full of the world", the outside world is moving a small stool waiting to see its jokes. How to judge the failure of Su-57? The most direct course is to look at the quantity of purchases. If the Russian army does not buy it, it is difficult to say that it does not fail.
According to information released by the Russian military earlier, the Su-57 will only purchase 16 aircraft in the next 10 years. As far as the size of the Russian army is concerned, this figure is almost equal to the announcement of the “failure” of the Su-57 project. Seeing that the Su-57 "failure" is going to be a nail-studded fact, Putin suddenly stated that buying 76 aircraft is tantamount to a terrible reversal, and the outside world will naturally pay more attention to it.
Open the Kremlin website on May 15th, let's first take a look at Putin's statement:
"The Su-35S and Su-57 multi-role fighters are in the final stage of national trials. They have 'unparalleled' performance and are the 'best' in the world. Air Force 3 Air Forces are 'indispensable in the future' 'To replace the Su-57 future aviation system'...
"Yesterday in Akhtobinsk, I discussed this issue with Minister Shoy. In the current 2018-2027 weapons development plan, the number of Su-57 purchases is 16. We discussed this matter yesterday and reached with the industry. Consensus, the industry will reduce the price of aircraft and supporting weapons by 20%... so that we can buy more of this new generation of aircraft. We agree to buy 76 Su-57 without raising prices. The quantity is important, but not the point. The point is that we have never had such a brand new platform in the past 40 years. I hope that we can sign the new contract as soon as possible and start the system to deliver 76 aircraft equipped with modern weapons. New ground support facility..."
△ Su-35S current Russian military purchase price is more than 40 million US dollars, more expensive than Su-57
The key point here is that Su-57 is good, you have to buy it. But before it was too expensive to buy, now after being interviewed by Putin, Su-57 can cut prices by 20% and can buy it.
Putin spoke, the Russian media also began to break the upcoming "contract." According to the Russian "Kommersant" quoted sources of defense industry, 76 Su-57 procurement contracts may be signed at the Moscow Air Show a few months later, with a contract value of 170 billion rubles. In other words, the unit price of the Su-57 is about 2.236 billion rubles, about 35 million US dollars. This is really the "cabbage price" in the fighter plane.
What is the concept of $35 million? We can take a look at the Chinese and American warplanes. The price of the 歼-15 in the PLA's fighter plane is known, 400 million yuan, about 60 million US dollars, which means that the price of the Su-57 is only slightly more than half of the 歼-15. Considering that this is the price before the 歼-15, if the 歼-15 is upgraded, the price of the Su-57 may only be half of it; the average unit price of the F-35 series that the US military is purchasing is about $143.6 million, the first batch of F The unit price of the -15EX fighter-bomber is about 137.5 million US dollars (including research and development costs), and the unit price of the F/A-18E/F carrier aircraft is about 83.33 million US dollars.
△The public information shows that the price of 歼-15 is 400 million, but the direct comparison of weapons prices in different countries is not appropriate.
So, is this unit price reliable? This can be understood from two aspects: First, in terms of economic value, 35 million dollars to buy a fifth-generation aircraft, even the 3.75 generation fighter is not very reliable; however, if placed in the Russian situation, it can be understanding. Nowadays, the price of Russian weapons should still be subject to the ruble. If it is converted into US dollars, it will be seriously "distorted." Russia's economic and industrial system is relatively closed. Although it experienced the depreciation of the ruble in 2014, after the price stabilization mechanism was launched, domestic prices did not change much, especially those products that did not depend on the outside. If the price of the Su-35S ruble is subject to the price of Su-35S, then the price of Su-57 is nearly doubled, so it is not difficult to understand the true value of Su-57. In addition, the Russian military's equipment purchase price is mostly the crushing manufacturers "serving for the country", and does not count into a reasonable profit, this price is enough for the manufacturers to survive, but it is impossible to make a big profit.
As a manufacturer, I definitely hope that the new aircraft will be sold, and how can the military not want to be a more advanced aircraft? The core of the Su-57 procurement twists and turns is how much money the military can buy to buy planes. The two forces of the military and the industry are actually the helm of Putin. The key to Putin’s shot is equal to giving money to both sides (even if they are discounted, The 76 Su-57s also have a lot more money than the original 16). The manufacturers have jobs and the military has aircraft. (Author's signature: Northern Defense)
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PLA confirmed their #003 Carrier is larger than Nimitz class. Larger heavier and capable of launching aircaft faster and heavier than US Navy. Satellite photos on the final assembly sections at the opened area of dockyard now visible by satellites. 300+ lego blocks turned into 8 sections before CNY 2019, now 8 sections joining up, overall size can be measured by satellites now because the 8 sections are too large now no longer possible to hide in covered area of dockyard. Previous estimation was at least 80kilo tons, now estimate at least 100kilo tons. Liaoning only 65kilo tons. Today's news reported that the aircraft launching catapult length is longer than Nimitz class. 5 days ago confirmed the beam (width at water-line) is 42.x meters which Nimitz was only 40.6m.
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiews2471151.shtml
中国003航母弹射器轨道长度或将超越美军尼米兹级
中国003航母弹射器轨道长度或将超越美军尼米兹级
327
据有关报道表示，我国第二艘国产航母目前已经铺设好龙骨，即将开始模块化建造，我国第二艘国产航母的成长速度可以说是非常迅速的，已经无需质疑它的存在，航母的百米动力舱段也正在逐渐成型，我国建造的第二艘航母的最大宽度是要赶超尼米兹级航母的最大宽度的，我国航母的核动力技术，一般都处于初级开发阶段，之后还要进行技术验证以及检验可靠性能等，可以说建造速度赶不上第二艘国产航母。
我国航母
如果第二艘国产航母的尺寸和美国的尼米兹级航母差不多的话，说明这艘航母的吨位差不多是十万吨左右，但是我国第一艘国产航母是6.5吨，为什么会一下子升到10万吨了呢？
因为第二艘国产航母装备有领先全球的电磁弹射器，通过相关报道，我们可以知道我国试验性电磁弹射器轨道长度要长于美国的尼米兹级航母上的蒸汽弹射器。
美国尼米兹级航母
继化学能后人类又研究出一种全新的能量输出方式，这种方式被称为电磁推进方式，电磁推进方式共有两种形式，一种是发射一种是弹射，这两种方式利用的都是电磁作用原理，电磁发射和电磁弹射相比火炮是有很多优点的，火炮容易受到化学能气体膨胀极速的限制，很难有一定程度的提升，但是电磁发射是通过电源供能的，弹丸质量可以改变的范围较大，火炮发射一百公斤以上的弹丸是比较困难的，发射装置较为庞大且很难操作，但是电磁发射的弹丸重量处于几克到几百吨的范围之内，可选择发射炮弹的种类也较多。
电磁弹射器
但是电磁弹射既然有这么多的优点，我国的电磁弹射轨道还要比蒸汽弹射长呢，如果电磁弹射轨道短一点，重量就会减轻，那么就不需要制造那么大的航空母舰。但是航母如果动力足够的情况下，还是稍微重一点的好，能力也会更强大一点。
歼-20
而且，大型航母上可以装载更重的战斗机，比如我国的歼-20隐身战机，所以从种种情况来说，我国海军下一代舰载隐形战斗机很有可能是歼-20的舰载改型，而并非歼-31战机，这也是很多军迷期盼的，在2040年之前有助于我国海军达到世界领先水平。（作者署名：舰载武器）
Https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiews2471151.shtml
China 003 aircraft carrier catapult track length will exceed the US military Nimitz class
China 003 aircraft carrier catapult track length will exceed the US military Nimitz class
327
According to relevant reports, China’s second domestic aircraft carrier has already laid a keel, and modular construction is about to begin. The growth rate of China’s second domestic aircraft carrier can be said to be very rapid. There is no need to question its existence, the aircraft carrier’s 100 meters. The power section is also gradually taking shape. The maximum width of the second aircraft carrier built in China is to exceed the maximum width of the Nimitz class aircraft carrier. The nuclear power technology of the aircraft carrier in China is generally in the primary development stage, and then it will be carried out. Technical verification and inspection reliability can be said that the construction speed cannot keep up with the second domestic aircraft carrier.
China aircraft carrier
If the size of the second domestic aircraft carrier is similar to that of the US Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, it means that the tonnage of this aircraft carrier is about 100,000 tons, but the first domestic aircraft carrier in China is 6.5 tons, why will it rise to 10 at once? Ten thousand tons?
Because the second domestic aircraft carrier is equipped with a global leading electromagnetic catapult, through relevant reports, we can know that China's experimental electromagnetic catapult track length is longer than the steam catapult on the US Nimitz class aircraft carrier.
American Nimitz class aircraft carrier
After the chemical energy, humans have developed a new way of energy output. This method is called electromagnetic propulsion. There are two forms of electromagnetic propulsion. One is to launch one and the other is to use. It is the principle of electromagnetic action. Electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic ejection have many advantages compared with artillery. The artillery is easily restricted by the speed of chemical energy gas expansion. It is difficult to improve to a certain extent, but the electromagnetic emission is powered by the power supply. The range that can be changed is relatively large. It is difficult to fire a projectile with more than one hundred kilograms. The launching device is relatively large and difficult to operate, but the weight of the electromagnetically fired projectile is in the range of several grams to several hundred tons. There are also many types of shells.
Electromagnetic catapult
However, since electromagnetic bombing has so many advantages, China's electromagnetic projectile orbit is longer than steam bombs. If the electromagnetic projectile orbit is shorter, the weight will be reduced, so there is no need to manufacture such a large aircraft carrier. However, if the aircraft carrier is sufficiently powered, it will be slightly heavier and the ability will be stronger.
歼-20
Moreover, large aircraft carriers can be loaded with heavier fighters, such as China's 歼-20 stealth fighters. Therefore, in all kinds of cases, the next-generation ship-borne stealth fighters of China's navy are likely to be ship-to-ship variants of the 歼-20. It is not the 歼-31 fighter. This is what many military fans are looking forward to. It will help our navy reach the world's leading level by 2040. (Author's signature: shipborne weapons)
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiews2471151.shtml
中国003航母弹射器轨道长度或将超越美军尼米兹级
中国003航母弹射器轨道长度或将超越美军尼米兹级
327
据有关报道表示，我国第二艘国产航母目前已经铺设好龙骨，即将开始模块化建造，我国第二艘国产航母的成长速度可以说是非常迅速的，已经无需质疑它的存在，航母的百米动力舱段也正在逐渐成型，我国建造的第二艘航母的最大宽度是要赶超尼米兹级航母的最大宽度的，我国航母的核动力技术，一般都处于初级开发阶段，之后还要进行技术验证以及检验可靠性能等，可以说建造速度赶不上第二艘国产航母。
我国航母
如果第二艘国产航母的尺寸和美国的尼米兹级航母差不多的话，说明这艘航母的吨位差不多是十万吨左右，但是我国第一艘国产航母是6.5吨，为什么会一下子升到10万吨了呢？
因为第二艘国产航母装备有领先全球的电磁弹射器，通过相关报道，我们可以知道我国试验性电磁弹射器轨道长度要长于美国的尼米兹级航母上的蒸汽弹射器。
美国尼米兹级航母
继化学能后人类又研究出一种全新的能量输出方式，这种方式被称为电磁推进方式，电磁推进方式共有两种形式，一种是发射一种是弹射，这两种方式利用的都是电磁作用原理，电磁发射和电磁弹射相比火炮是有很多优点的，火炮容易受到化学能气体膨胀极速的限制，很难有一定程度的提升，但是电磁发射是通过电源供能的，弹丸质量可以改变的范围较大，火炮发射一百公斤以上的弹丸是比较困难的，发射装置较为庞大且很难操作，但是电磁发射的弹丸重量处于几克到几百吨的范围之内，可选择发射炮弹的种类也较多。
电磁弹射器
但是电磁弹射既然有这么多的优点，我国的电磁弹射轨道还要比蒸汽弹射长呢，如果电磁弹射轨道短一点，重量就会减轻，那么就不需要制造那么大的航空母舰。但是航母如果动力足够的情况下，还是稍微重一点的好，能力也会更强大一点。
歼-20
而且，大型航母上可以装载更重的战斗机，比如我国的歼-20隐身战机，所以从种种情况来说，我国海军下一代舰载隐形战斗机很有可能是歼-20的舰载改型，而并非歼-31战机，这也是很多军迷期盼的，在2040年之前有助于我国海军达到世界领先水平。（作者署名：舰载武器）
Https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiews2471151.shtml
China 003 aircraft carrier catapult track length will exceed the US military Nimitz class
China 003 aircraft carrier catapult track length will exceed the US military Nimitz class
327
According to relevant reports, China’s second domestic aircraft carrier has already laid a keel, and modular construction is about to begin. The growth rate of China’s second domestic aircraft carrier can be said to be very rapid. There is no need to question its existence, the aircraft carrier’s 100 meters. The power section is also gradually taking shape. The maximum width of the second aircraft carrier built in China is to exceed the maximum width of the Nimitz class aircraft carrier. The nuclear power technology of the aircraft carrier in China is generally in the primary development stage, and then it will be carried out. Technical verification and inspection reliability can be said that the construction speed cannot keep up with the second domestic aircraft carrier.
China aircraft carrier
If the size of the second domestic aircraft carrier is similar to that of the US Nimitz-class aircraft carrier, it means that the tonnage of this aircraft carrier is about 100,000 tons, but the first domestic aircraft carrier in China is 6.5 tons, why will it rise to 10 at once? Ten thousand tons?
Because the second domestic aircraft carrier is equipped with a global leading electromagnetic catapult, through relevant reports, we can know that China's experimental electromagnetic catapult track length is longer than the steam catapult on the US Nimitz class aircraft carrier.
American Nimitz class aircraft carrier
After the chemical energy, humans have developed a new way of energy output. This method is called electromagnetic propulsion. There are two forms of electromagnetic propulsion. One is to launch one and the other is to use. It is the principle of electromagnetic action. Electromagnetic emission and electromagnetic ejection have many advantages compared with artillery. The artillery is easily restricted by the speed of chemical energy gas expansion. It is difficult to improve to a certain extent, but the electromagnetic emission is powered by the power supply. The range that can be changed is relatively large. It is difficult to fire a projectile with more than one hundred kilograms. The launching device is relatively large and difficult to operate, but the weight of the electromagnetically fired projectile is in the range of several grams to several hundred tons. There are also many types of shells.
Electromagnetic catapult
However, since electromagnetic bombing has so many advantages, China's electromagnetic projectile orbit is longer than steam bombs. If the electromagnetic projectile orbit is shorter, the weight will be reduced, so there is no need to manufacture such a large aircraft carrier. However, if the aircraft carrier is sufficiently powered, it will be slightly heavier and the ability will be stronger.
歼-20
Moreover, large aircraft carriers can be loaded with heavier fighters, such as China's 歼-20 stealth fighters. Therefore, in all kinds of cases, the next-generation ship-borne stealth fighters of China's navy are likely to be ship-to-ship variants of the 歼-20. It is not the 歼-31 fighter. This is what many military fans are looking forward to. It will help our navy reach the world's leading level by 2040. (Author's signature: shipborne weapons)
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http://www.sohu.com/a/314732609_123753?spm=smpc.home.fspic.3.1558122102019nVENcyz&_f=index_focus_1
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中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制火箭完成第200次发射
2019-05-18 01:10
中国成功发射第45颗北斗导航卫星。梁珂岩 摄
中新网北京5月18日电(郭超凯)北京时间5月17日23时48分，由中国航天科技集团有限公司所属中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制的长征三号丙运载火箭在西昌卫星发射中心点火起飞，成功将第45颗北斗导航卫星送入既定轨道。此次任务的成功标志着中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制的火箭完成了第200次发射。
近半个世纪以来，中国航天的运载火箭技术取得了长足的进步。作为中国航天科技工业的重要力量，中国运载火箭技术研究院先后自主研制了12种不同型号的长征系列运载火箭。
据介绍，长征系列运载火箭实现了从无到有，从串联到捆绑，从一箭一星到一箭多星，从发射卫星到发射载人飞船和月球探测器，从现役运载火箭到新一代运载火箭等一系列重大跨越。
49年间，中国运载火箭技术研究院共完成了200次发射，第一个百次发射历时近41年，第二个百次发射历时8年，发射次数快速攀升，发射密度越来越大。
目前中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制的长征系列运载火箭成功完成了以神舟飞天、嫦娥奔月、北斗组网、高分观测等为代表的国家重大工程发射任务。(完)返回搜狐，查看更多
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China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology Research Institute has completed the development of the rocket to complete the 200th launch
2019-05-18 01:10
China successfully launched the 45th Beidou navigation satellite. Liang Shuyan
BEIJING, May 18 (Xin Chaokai) At 23:48 on May 17th, Beijing time, the Long March 3C carrier rocket developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, affiliated to China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, was launched in Xichang Satellite. The launch center ignited and took off and successfully sent the 45th Beidou navigation satellite into the established orbit. The success of this mission marks the completion of the 200th launch of the rocket developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology.
In the past half century, China Aerospace's launch vehicle technology has made great progress. As an important force in China's aerospace science and technology industry, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology has independently developed 12 different types of Long March series carrier rockets.
According to reports, the Long March series of launch vehicles have achieved everything from scratch, from tandem to bundling, from one arrow to one arrow, from launching satellites to launching manned spacecraft and lunar probes, from active carrier rockets to new generations. A series of major leaps such as launch vehicles.
In the past 49 years, the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology has completed 200 launches. The first 100 launches lasted nearly 41 years, and the second 100 launches lasted 8 years. The number of launches increased rapidly and the emission density increased.
At present, the Long March series of launch vehicles developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology have successfully completed the national major project launch missions represented by Shenzhou Feitian, Qiu Benyue, Beidou Group Network and high score observation. (End) Return to Sohu to see more
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/18/c_138067566.htm
China launches new BeiDou navigation satellite
Source: Xinhua| 2019-05-18 01:12:54|Editor: huaxia
XICHANG, May 17 (Xinhua) -- China sent a new satellite of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) into space from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province at 11:48 p.m. Friday.
Launched on a Long March-3C carrier rocket, it is the fourth BDS-2 backup satellite and the 45th satellite of the BDS satellite family.
After being sent to the geostationary earth orbit and in-orbit tests, it will be connected to the BDS to provide users with more reliable services and enhance the stability of the constellation.
The BDS-2 system has provided stable and reliable service since it went into operation, and its positioning accuracy has improved from 10 meters to six meters.
The BDS-2 system and BDS-3 system will jointly provide services before October 2020, and after that the BDS-3 system will be the main force.
China began to construct its BDS navigation system, named after the Chinese term for the Big Dipper constellation, in the 1990s. It started serving China with its BDS-1 system in 2000 and started serving the Asia-Pacific region with its BDS-2 system in 2012. China will complete the BDS global network by 2020.
The launch was the 304th flight mission for the Long March series of carrier rockets. Enditem
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中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制火箭完成第200次发射
2019-05-18 01:10
中国成功发射第45颗北斗导航卫星。梁珂岩 摄
中新网北京5月18日电(郭超凯)北京时间5月17日23时48分，由中国航天科技集团有限公司所属中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制的长征三号丙运载火箭在西昌卫星发射中心点火起飞，成功将第45颗北斗导航卫星送入既定轨道。此次任务的成功标志着中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制的火箭完成了第200次发射。
近半个世纪以来，中国航天的运载火箭技术取得了长足的进步。作为中国航天科技工业的重要力量，中国运载火箭技术研究院先后自主研制了12种不同型号的长征系列运载火箭。
据介绍，长征系列运载火箭实现了从无到有，从串联到捆绑，从一箭一星到一箭多星，从发射卫星到发射载人飞船和月球探测器，从现役运载火箭到新一代运载火箭等一系列重大跨越。
49年间，中国运载火箭技术研究院共完成了200次发射，第一个百次发射历时近41年，第二个百次发射历时8年，发射次数快速攀升，发射密度越来越大。
目前中国运载火箭技术研究院抓总研制的长征系列运载火箭成功完成了以神舟飞天、嫦娥奔月、北斗组网、高分观测等为代表的国家重大工程发射任务。(完)返回搜狐，查看更多
China News Network
750,000 articles
44.8 billion total reading
View TA's article >
0
share to
China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology Research Institute has completed the development of the rocket to complete the 200th launch
2019-05-18 01:10
China successfully launched the 45th Beidou navigation satellite. Liang Shuyan
BEIJING, May 18 (Xin Chaokai) At 23:48 on May 17th, Beijing time, the Long March 3C carrier rocket developed by China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, affiliated to China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, was launched in Xichang Satellite. The launch center ignited and took off and successfully sent the 45th Beidou navigation satellite into the established orbit. The success of this mission marks the completion of the 200th launch of the rocket developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology.
In the past half century, China Aerospace's launch vehicle technology has made great progress. As an important force in China's aerospace science and technology industry, China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology has independently developed 12 different types of Long March series carrier rockets.
According to reports, the Long March series of launch vehicles have achieved everything from scratch, from tandem to bundling, from one arrow to one arrow, from launching satellites to launching manned spacecraft and lunar probes, from active carrier rockets to new generations. A series of major leaps such as launch vehicles.
In the past 49 years, the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology has completed 200 launches. The first 100 launches lasted nearly 41 years, and the second 100 launches lasted 8 years. The number of launches increased rapidly and the emission density increased.
At present, the Long March series of launch vehicles developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology have successfully completed the national major project launch missions represented by Shenzhou Feitian, Qiu Benyue, Beidou Group Network and high score observation. (End) Return to Sohu to see more
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/18/c_138067566.htm
China launches new BeiDou navigation satellite
Source: Xinhua| 2019-05-18 01:12:54|Editor: huaxia
XICHANG, May 17 (Xinhua) -- China sent a new satellite of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) into space from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan Province at 11:48 p.m. Friday.
Launched on a Long March-3C carrier rocket, it is the fourth BDS-2 backup satellite and the 45th satellite of the BDS satellite family.
After being sent to the geostationary earth orbit and in-orbit tests, it will be connected to the BDS to provide users with more reliable services and enhance the stability of the constellation.
The BDS-2 system has provided stable and reliable service since it went into operation, and its positioning accuracy has improved from 10 meters to six meters.
The BDS-2 system and BDS-3 system will jointly provide services before October 2020, and after that the BDS-3 system will be the main force.
China began to construct its BDS navigation system, named after the Chinese term for the Big Dipper constellation, in the 1990s. It started serving China with its BDS-1 system in 2000 and started serving the Asia-Pacific region with its BDS-2 system in 2012. China will complete the BDS global network by 2020.
The launch was the 304th flight mission for the Long March series of carrier rockets. Enditem
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it's not about numbers. it's about orbits. the lower the orbit more satellites are needed. higher the orbit less number of satellites.
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https://www.rt.com/op-ed/459608-south-china-sea-military-iran/
US is heading toward a looming maritime showdown… but not with Iran
Darius Shahtahmasebi is a New Zealand-based legal and political analyst, currently specializing in immigration, refugee and humanitarian law.
Published time: 17 May, 2019 15:01
Get short URL
FILE PHOTO The Ronald Reagan Strike Group ship's aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan conduct an exercise with the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force ships © U.S. Navy/Handout via REUTERS/Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kaila V. Peter
While the world is drumming up a potential maritime showdown between the US and Iran (yet again), Western media is conveniently ignoring a potential looming conflict in the South China Sea, one that has been building up for years.
Recent developments
Just last week, naval vessels from Japan, the US, India, and the Philippines sailed through the South China Sea in an almost week-long military drill aimed at containing China’s expanding influence in the region. As it happens, China’s renewed friendship with the Philippines under the rule of Rodrigo Duterte has been short-lived and is not exactly going as planned.
Duterte, who has signalled he wants to turn his country away from the US and work more closely with China, even disregarding an international arbitration ruling which ruled in favour of the Philippines, has had his work cut out for him. For example, he must reckon with two former Filipino officials who filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court (ICC) over China’s activities in the South China Sea. He also has to deal with what he feels is the to-ing and fro-ing between the US and China on a regular basis. Should the Philippines be forced to defend any of its claimed territories from China, Washington has signalled that it is committed to defending the Philippines against China due to a mutual defence treaty between the two nations.
Also on rt.com ‘Violation of sovereignty’: Beijing warns US incursion into South China Sea ‘undermined peace’
And just last Monday, the Philippines high court instructed multiple agencies, including the Philippine Navy, police and the Coast Guard to protect reefs and marine life in Scarborough Shoal, Second Thomas Shoal and Mischief Reef. According to presidential spokesman Salvador Panelo, the government is now “duty bound” to enforce the court order.
Not to mention that a multilateral military drill, which saw the Philippines teaming up with India – China’s major competitor in the Indo-Pacific region – and Japan – China’s historic rival, should tell everyone all they need to know about where this is headed.
READ MORE: US warships sail through disputed South China Sea as Trump prompts trade war escalation with Beijing
Furthermore, the US Navy’s operations chief, Admiral John Richardson, just went on the record to state that he would like to see Australian and Indonesian maritime forces have a greater naval presence in the South China Sea, encouraging the two nations to take part in what the US calls “freedom of navigation” operations.
So far, Australia has declined to take part in freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea within 12 nautical miles of territories claimed by China, though it has certainly played its hand at rattling Beijing in the region as much as possible. Indonesia, on the other hand, opened a military base on Natuna Besar Island, which is located at the southern edge of the South China Sea.
For what it’s worth – the US would do well not to count on Indonesia. When it isn’t subjugating West Papua, Jakarta appears to be more interested in fighting with China’s regional foes in the South China Sea rather than confronting China itself.
China’s response
Beijing, for its part, is not taking these developments well. In a recent editorial piece, state-owned newspaper the Global Times made it clear that China had to continue to build its navy in order to deter Washington from waltzing freely into the South China sea.
“Only if the Chinese navy is sufficiently strong will US warships dare not wilfully enter China’s offshore waters to flex their muscles,” the newspaper wrote. “A strong Chinese navy is the guarantee for peace and stability of the South China Sea and even the whole world.”
As such, it does appear that China is making plans of its own should a conflict break out. Last month, China carried out a series of military exercises on the south and north ends of Taiwan. This is true even while the Taiwan Relations Act compels the US to defend Taiwan from Chinese military aggression, despite the fact Washington purportedly adheres to China’s “One China” policy.
Also on rt.com ‘Stop arms sales & military contact’: Beijing warns US against selling F-16s to Taiwan
Fully aware that Beijing will have to project its military power in the region in order to defend its interests, just this week, China unveiled two new naval destroyers, part of a fleet of 20, equipped with 256 missiles. One such missile has been referred to as China’s “deadliest anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM), the vertically-launched YJ-18 ASCM.”
While completely overlooked by the media, there might actually be a reason why the Trump administration has so heavily targeted China’s steel production industry in its ill-advised trade war with Beijing. It transpires that the low cost of steel is one of the factors that has enabled China to press ahead with building these warships at a decently-rapid pace. Maybe this also explains why, when tariffs were first invoked under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the rationale was that it was on the grounds of “national security.”
READ MORE: Pentagon sounds alarm over military ‘expansion’ of China… which only has one base abroad
Forget Iran. It will become a major “national security” catastrophe for the US when a hardened and emboldened Chinese military and navy with hypersonic missiles has complete control of this geostrategic location. Trillions of dollars of trade pass through this region annually, representing about one-third of global shipping. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, the South China Sea has an estimated 11 billion barrels of untapped oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
Think of it like a small Iraq or Iran buried under the sea, which the US doesn’t want China to claim for itself.
It is for this very reason that the Philippines took China to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague in 2016, due to the monumental gas deposits and lucrative fishing grounds in the disputed territory. It is the same reason that just last month, Duterte threatened to deploy soldiers after Chinese vessels sailed near a Philippine-claimed island in the region.
When you look at the natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas, which are at stake, the context for that conflict starts to make a lot more sense.
You don’t have to believe me – I am after all just a lowly writer who happens to be based in the Pacific region. But then again, the Council on Foreign Relations did designate the looming conflict in the South China Sea as one of the top conflicts to watch out for this year, stating that it was assessed to be a top tier priority for the US in 2019.
You also have to bear in mind that, without fail, virtually every US military report that has come to the public light has heavily fixated on Russia and China, with previous threats such as Al-Qaeda or Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS) barely receiving a mention. Previous heavier threats such as North Korea and Iran have essentially been dethroned to a lesser status.
Rules-based international system
While the so-called Russiagate scandal, and many other pointless scandals continue to dominate Western airwaves, little attention is given to the laws that actually get passed under the Trump administration which provide us with a glimpse of what this administration is really about. For example, the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act (ARIA), passed on the very final day of 2018, compels the US to “develop a diplomatic strategy that includes working with United States allies and partners to conduct joint maritime training and freedom of navigation operations in the Indo-Pacific region, including the East China Sea and the South China Sea, in support of a rules-based international system benefiting all countries.”
Yes, because when I think of the US invading Iraq, Libya, Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, destroying Yemen, and threatening to go to war with Iran, Venezuela, and North Korea, I certainly picture a rules-based international system benefiting all countries.
More notably, however, the act also heavily focuses on Washington’s relationship with Taiwan, supporting the transfer of “defense articles” to the self-ruled island. It is becoming quite evident that the US will come to Taipei’s aid should war break out between China and Taiwan – and this may be a lot more likely than the international media appear to let on.
Also on rt.com The US just ‘invaded’ an island in the East China Sea & no one noticed
It rarely gets the headlines it deserves, but the US is preparing for war in this part of the world, and has been for some time. Not only that, but the Trump administration is apparently absolving itself of any responsibility should this showdown ignite into something more concrete, by giving decision-making authority to the US military, including the Indo-Pacific Command.
The next time there is a US presidential debate between prospective candidates, see how many times one of them is asked the question: “Will you give authority to the US military in the South China Sea to go to war with China without any form of democratic oversight?”
Or just count how many times the South China Sea, or the Indo-Pacific Command, or any of the above-mentioned buzzwords get talked about at all.
As always, what is a potentially devastating issue will be largely ignored until we reach a point of no return. Don’t get me wrong, a war with Iran is the ultimate dream for the neocons in Trump’s administration like John Bolton, but Bolton’s propensity to deceive us should be all the more reason to play close attention to an even greater conflict which continues to progress right under our noses.
Think your friends would be interested? Share this story!
The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of RT.
US is heading toward a looming maritime showdown… but not with Iran
Darius Shahtahmasebi is a New Zealand-based legal and political analyst, currently specializing in immigration, refugee and humanitarian law.
Published time: 17 May, 2019 15:01
Get short URL
FILE PHOTO The Ronald Reagan Strike Group ship's aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan conduct an exercise with the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force ships © U.S. Navy/Handout via REUTERS/Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Kaila V. Peter
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- 2
While the world is drumming up a potential maritime showdown between the US and Iran (yet again), Western media is conveniently ignoring a potential looming conflict in the South China Sea, one that has been building up for years.
Recent developments
Just last week, naval vessels from Japan, the US, India, and the Philippines sailed through the South China Sea in an almost week-long military drill aimed at containing China’s expanding influence in the region. As it happens, China’s renewed friendship with the Philippines under the rule of Rodrigo Duterte has been short-lived and is not exactly going as planned.
Duterte, who has signalled he wants to turn his country away from the US and work more closely with China, even disregarding an international arbitration ruling which ruled in favour of the Philippines, has had his work cut out for him. For example, he must reckon with two former Filipino officials who filed a complaint with the International Criminal Court (ICC) over China’s activities in the South China Sea. He also has to deal with what he feels is the to-ing and fro-ing between the US and China on a regular basis. Should the Philippines be forced to defend any of its claimed territories from China, Washington has signalled that it is committed to defending the Philippines against China due to a mutual defence treaty between the two nations.
Also on rt.com ‘Violation of sovereignty’: Beijing warns US incursion into South China Sea ‘undermined peace’
And just last Monday, the Philippines high court instructed multiple agencies, including the Philippine Navy, police and the Coast Guard to protect reefs and marine life in Scarborough Shoal, Second Thomas Shoal and Mischief Reef. According to presidential spokesman Salvador Panelo, the government is now “duty bound” to enforce the court order.
Not to mention that a multilateral military drill, which saw the Philippines teaming up with India – China’s major competitor in the Indo-Pacific region – and Japan – China’s historic rival, should tell everyone all they need to know about where this is headed.
READ MORE: US warships sail through disputed South China Sea as Trump prompts trade war escalation with Beijing
Furthermore, the US Navy’s operations chief, Admiral John Richardson, just went on the record to state that he would like to see Australian and Indonesian maritime forces have a greater naval presence in the South China Sea, encouraging the two nations to take part in what the US calls “freedom of navigation” operations.
So far, Australia has declined to take part in freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea within 12 nautical miles of territories claimed by China, though it has certainly played its hand at rattling Beijing in the region as much as possible. Indonesia, on the other hand, opened a military base on Natuna Besar Island, which is located at the southern edge of the South China Sea.
For what it’s worth – the US would do well not to count on Indonesia. When it isn’t subjugating West Papua, Jakarta appears to be more interested in fighting with China’s regional foes in the South China Sea rather than confronting China itself.
China’s response
Beijing, for its part, is not taking these developments well. In a recent editorial piece, state-owned newspaper the Global Times made it clear that China had to continue to build its navy in order to deter Washington from waltzing freely into the South China sea.
“Only if the Chinese navy is sufficiently strong will US warships dare not wilfully enter China’s offshore waters to flex their muscles,” the newspaper wrote. “A strong Chinese navy is the guarantee for peace and stability of the South China Sea and even the whole world.”
As such, it does appear that China is making plans of its own should a conflict break out. Last month, China carried out a series of military exercises on the south and north ends of Taiwan. This is true even while the Taiwan Relations Act compels the US to defend Taiwan from Chinese military aggression, despite the fact Washington purportedly adheres to China’s “One China” policy.
Also on rt.com ‘Stop arms sales & military contact’: Beijing warns US against selling F-16s to Taiwan
Fully aware that Beijing will have to project its military power in the region in order to defend its interests, just this week, China unveiled two new naval destroyers, part of a fleet of 20, equipped with 256 missiles. One such missile has been referred to as China’s “deadliest anti-ship cruise missile (ASCM), the vertically-launched YJ-18 ASCM.”
While completely overlooked by the media, there might actually be a reason why the Trump administration has so heavily targeted China’s steel production industry in its ill-advised trade war with Beijing. It transpires that the low cost of steel is one of the factors that has enabled China to press ahead with building these warships at a decently-rapid pace. Maybe this also explains why, when tariffs were first invoked under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the rationale was that it was on the grounds of “national security.”
READ MORE: Pentagon sounds alarm over military ‘expansion’ of China… which only has one base abroad
Forget Iran. It will become a major “national security” catastrophe for the US when a hardened and emboldened Chinese military and navy with hypersonic missiles has complete control of this geostrategic location. Trillions of dollars of trade pass through this region annually, representing about one-third of global shipping. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, the South China Sea has an estimated 11 billion barrels of untapped oil and 190 trillion cubic feet of natural gas.
Think of it like a small Iraq or Iran buried under the sea, which the US doesn’t want China to claim for itself.
It is for this very reason that the Philippines took China to the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague in 2016, due to the monumental gas deposits and lucrative fishing grounds in the disputed territory. It is the same reason that just last month, Duterte threatened to deploy soldiers after Chinese vessels sailed near a Philippine-claimed island in the region.
When you look at the natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas, which are at stake, the context for that conflict starts to make a lot more sense.
You don’t have to believe me – I am after all just a lowly writer who happens to be based in the Pacific region. But then again, the Council on Foreign Relations did designate the looming conflict in the South China Sea as one of the top conflicts to watch out for this year, stating that it was assessed to be a top tier priority for the US in 2019.
You also have to bear in mind that, without fail, virtually every US military report that has come to the public light has heavily fixated on Russia and China, with previous threats such as Al-Qaeda or Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS) barely receiving a mention. Previous heavier threats such as North Korea and Iran have essentially been dethroned to a lesser status.
Rules-based international system
While the so-called Russiagate scandal, and many other pointless scandals continue to dominate Western airwaves, little attention is given to the laws that actually get passed under the Trump administration which provide us with a glimpse of what this administration is really about. For example, the Asia Reassurance Initiative Act (ARIA), passed on the very final day of 2018, compels the US to “develop a diplomatic strategy that includes working with United States allies and partners to conduct joint maritime training and freedom of navigation operations in the Indo-Pacific region, including the East China Sea and the South China Sea, in support of a rules-based international system benefiting all countries.”
Yes, because when I think of the US invading Iraq, Libya, Vietnam, Korea, Afghanistan, destroying Yemen, and threatening to go to war with Iran, Venezuela, and North Korea, I certainly picture a rules-based international system benefiting all countries.
More notably, however, the act also heavily focuses on Washington’s relationship with Taiwan, supporting the transfer of “defense articles” to the self-ruled island. It is becoming quite evident that the US will come to Taipei’s aid should war break out between China and Taiwan – and this may be a lot more likely than the international media appear to let on.
Also on rt.com The US just ‘invaded’ an island in the East China Sea & no one noticed
It rarely gets the headlines it deserves, but the US is preparing for war in this part of the world, and has been for some time. Not only that, but the Trump administration is apparently absolving itself of any responsibility should this showdown ignite into something more concrete, by giving decision-making authority to the US military, including the Indo-Pacific Command.
The next time there is a US presidential debate between prospective candidates, see how many times one of them is asked the question: “Will you give authority to the US military in the South China Sea to go to war with China without any form of democratic oversight?”
Or just count how many times the South China Sea, or the Indo-Pacific Command, or any of the above-mentioned buzzwords get talked about at all.
As always, what is a potentially devastating issue will be largely ignored until we reach a point of no return. Don’t get me wrong, a war with Iran is the ultimate dream for the neocons in Trump’s administration like John Bolton, but Bolton’s propensity to deceive us should be all the more reason to play close attention to an even greater conflict which continues to progress right under our noses.
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The statements, views and opinions expressed in this column are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of RT.
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https://www.rt.com/news/459646-indian-navy-test-fires-medium/
Indian Navy test fires medium range air defense missile, boasts ‘enhanced combat effectiveness’
Published time: 18 May, 2019 03:39 Edited time: 18 May, 2019 09:19
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© Facebook / Indian Navy
The Indian Navy has successfully tested a Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) developed by the national military research agency in cooperation with Israel Aerospace Industries.
“The firing was undertaken on the Western Seaboard by Indian Naval Ships Kochi and Chennai, wherein the missiles of both ships were controlled by one ship to intercept different aerial targets at extended ranges,” the country's maritime force said, praising the “maiden cooperative engagement” between the Indian Navy, Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).
“This capability will significantly enhance the combat effectiveness of the Indian Navy,” the maritime force boasted.
Also on rt.com India has vast arsenal of Russian-made weapons & seeks to expand it (PHOTOS)
Last year, Israel's major aerospace and aviation manufacturer signed a $777 million deal with India to provide New Delhi with long-range missile defense systems. A follow-up $93 million deal, signed in January, secured the Indian Navy’s access to IAI’s technology for medium-range missiles, including interceptors with modern radio frequency seekers and digital radar.
If you like this story, share it with a friend!
Indian Navy test fires medium range air defense missile, boasts ‘enhanced combat effectiveness’
Published time: 18 May, 2019 03:39 Edited time: 18 May, 2019 09:19
Get short URL
© Facebook / Indian Navy
The Indian Navy has successfully tested a Medium Range Surface-to-Air Missile (MRSAM) developed by the national military research agency in cooperation with Israel Aerospace Industries.
“The firing was undertaken on the Western Seaboard by Indian Naval Ships Kochi and Chennai, wherein the missiles of both ships were controlled by one ship to intercept different aerial targets at extended ranges,” the country's maritime force said, praising the “maiden cooperative engagement” between the Indian Navy, Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).
With the successful 'Co-operative Engagement' firing of Medium Range Surface to Air Missile, #IndianNavy achieves a significant milestone in enhancing its Anti-Air Warfare Capability. @SpokespersonMoD@DefenceMinIndia@adgpi@IAF_MCCpic.twitter.com/jteXZLkmny
— SpokespersonNavy (@indiannavy) May 17, 2019
The medium-range anti-air missile, co-developed with Israel, where it's known as Barak-8, was manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited, India. It is designed to tackle a wide array of airborne threats from up to 70 km away, including enemy aircraft and hostile drones as well as anti-ship and ballistic missiles.— SpokespersonNavy (@indiannavy) May 17, 2019
“This capability will significantly enhance the combat effectiveness of the Indian Navy,” the maritime force boasted.
Indian Navy has become a part of a select group of navies that have this niche capability.
While the fleet currently has the missiles fitted on Kolkata Class Destroyers, the country plans to install the MRSAMs on “all future major warships.”Also on rt.com India has vast arsenal of Russian-made weapons & seeks to expand it (PHOTOS)
Last year, Israel's major aerospace and aviation manufacturer signed a $777 million deal with India to provide New Delhi with long-range missile defense systems. A follow-up $93 million deal, signed in January, secured the Indian Navy’s access to IAI’s technology for medium-range missiles, including interceptors with modern radio frequency seekers and digital radar.
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Pse hire the Amigo bands to play these music as the missiles fly massively! Damn fucking Shiok!
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What Xijinping really need to do is to have an ultra surprise nuke test very very near to Pacific Coast 100+km off USA's coastline.
Dotard's pants will be full of crap and pee!
Dotard's pants will be full of crap and pee!
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Chinese Official Media warning USA to wake up and realize that they are now no longer superpower and just a dying small beggar!
http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-05/18/c_1124511762.htm
新华时评：美无视发展大势，很不清醒！
2019-05-18 11:35:31 来源： 新华网
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新华社北京5月18日电 题：美无视发展大势，很不清醒！
新华社记者孙闻、郑良
美国单方面挑起对华贸易争端，妄图以粗暴的极限施压逼迫中国订立城下之盟。这显然是把自己当成世界“霸主”，无视浩浩荡荡的全球发展大势，折射出美对华政策存在重大战略误判，很不清醒！
美当局“美国优先”目标及其实现路径，与全球化大势南辕北辙。一些美国政客对中美形势存在严重误判。他们认为在美国价值观、政治和经济体制之外，不可能有任何的创新和可持续的发展路径。他们选择性听取那些顺耳的观点，夸大了1978年以后美国对外经济关系、贸易和投资对中国发展的作用，忽视了全体中国人民沿着自主选择的正确道路艰苦奋斗才是中国实现跨越式发展的根本原因，低估了中国经济的巨大韧性、潜力和抗压性，认为中国离了美国活不了。
事实上，与中国比，美国更加依赖外部市场和国际经济关系，更易受到全球经济震荡影响。除了商品贸易，考虑到服务贸易和美国公司在中国的巨额收入，美国对中美经贸关系的依赖度并不亚于甚至还高于中国对此的依赖度。如果美国一味操弄贸易争端升级，必将累及全球市场，其后果必然是自己遭受更大的损失。
天下大势，浩浩荡荡。美方逆全球化潮流升级对华贸易争端、反复操弄极限施压，无异于搬起石头砸自己的脚。美国不少州，特别是一些农业大州，已经在中美贸易战中受伤不轻，美国农民不断抱怨政府的不理智；对中国出口商品加征的关税，已经导致消费品价格较快上涨，国内通胀压力加大，加征关税的成本最终几乎全部由美国消费者承担——牺牲美国人民利益去追求所谓“美国优先”，很不清醒、何其荒唐！
新闻链接：
新华社评论员：千磨万击还坚劲
新华社评论员：乱云飞渡仍从容
新华国际时评：美式技术霸凌“失态”又“失道”
新华时评：美妄图开全球化倒车，很不现实！
Http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-05/18/c_1124511762.htm
Xinhua commentary: The United States ignores the development trend and is not awake!
2019-05-18 11:35:31 Source: Xinhuanet
Pay attention to Xinhuanet
WeChat
Weibo
Qzone
Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, May 18th: The United States ignores the development trend and is not awake!
Xinhua News Agency reporter Sun Wen, Zheng Liang
The United States unilaterally provoked trade disputes with China in an attempt to force China to enter into an alliance under the city with ruthless pressure. This is obviously to regard itself as the "hegemony" of the world, ignoring the mighty global development trend, reflecting the major strategic misjudgment of the US policy toward China, which is not sober!
The U.S. authority’s "U.S. priority" goal and its path of realization are inconsistent with the general trend of globalization. Some American politicians have serious misjudgments about the Sino-US situation. They believe that there is no way for innovation and sustainable development beyond the values, politics, and economic systems of the United States. They selectively listened to those unspoken views and exaggerated the role of US foreign economic relations, trade and investment in China's development after 1978. It is China's leaping development to ignore the arduous struggle of all Chinese people along the right path of self-selection. The root cause underestimates the great resilience, potential and resistance of the Chinese economy, and believes that China cannot live without the United States.
In fact, compared with China, the United States is more dependent on external markets and international economic relations, and is more vulnerable to global economic shocks. In addition to merchandise trade, considering the service trade and the huge income of American companies in China, the US relies on Sino-US economic and trade relations as much as or even higher than China's dependence on it. If the United States simply manipulates the escalation of trade disputes, it will certainly affect the global market, and the consequences will inevitably result in greater losses.
The world is in great shape and is vast. The US counter-globalization trend to escalate trade disputes with China and repeatedly manipulate the limits of pressure is tantamount to lifting a rock and licking its own feet. Many states in the United States, especially some large agricultural states, have been injured in the Sino-US trade war. American farmers continue to complain about the government's irrationality. The tariffs imposed on Chinese exports have led to a rapid rise in consumer prices. Inflation pressures have increased, and the cost of adding tariffs has finally been borne entirely by American consumers. At the expense of the interests of the American people, the pursuit of the so-called "US priority" is very unclear and ridiculous!
News link:
Xinhua News Agency commentator: Qian Millen is still strong
Xinhua News Agency commentator: Chaoyun Feidu is still calm
Xinhua International Commentary: American technology bullying "missing" and "missing"
Xinhua commentary: It’s unrealistic to have a global reversal of the map!
http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-05/18/c_1124511762.htm
新华时评：美无视发展大势，很不清醒！
2019-05-18 11:35:31 来源： 新华网
关注新华网
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Qzone
新华社北京5月18日电 题：美无视发展大势，很不清醒！
新华社记者孙闻、郑良
美国单方面挑起对华贸易争端，妄图以粗暴的极限施压逼迫中国订立城下之盟。这显然是把自己当成世界“霸主”，无视浩浩荡荡的全球发展大势，折射出美对华政策存在重大战略误判，很不清醒！
美当局“美国优先”目标及其实现路径，与全球化大势南辕北辙。一些美国政客对中美形势存在严重误判。他们认为在美国价值观、政治和经济体制之外，不可能有任何的创新和可持续的发展路径。他们选择性听取那些顺耳的观点，夸大了1978年以后美国对外经济关系、贸易和投资对中国发展的作用，忽视了全体中国人民沿着自主选择的正确道路艰苦奋斗才是中国实现跨越式发展的根本原因，低估了中国经济的巨大韧性、潜力和抗压性，认为中国离了美国活不了。
事实上，与中国比，美国更加依赖外部市场和国际经济关系，更易受到全球经济震荡影响。除了商品贸易，考虑到服务贸易和美国公司在中国的巨额收入，美国对中美经贸关系的依赖度并不亚于甚至还高于中国对此的依赖度。如果美国一味操弄贸易争端升级，必将累及全球市场，其后果必然是自己遭受更大的损失。
天下大势，浩浩荡荡。美方逆全球化潮流升级对华贸易争端、反复操弄极限施压，无异于搬起石头砸自己的脚。美国不少州，特别是一些农业大州，已经在中美贸易战中受伤不轻，美国农民不断抱怨政府的不理智；对中国出口商品加征的关税，已经导致消费品价格较快上涨，国内通胀压力加大，加征关税的成本最终几乎全部由美国消费者承担——牺牲美国人民利益去追求所谓“美国优先”，很不清醒、何其荒唐！
新闻链接：
新华社评论员：千磨万击还坚劲
新华社评论员：乱云飞渡仍从容
新华国际时评：美式技术霸凌“失态”又“失道”
新华时评：美妄图开全球化倒车，很不现实！
Http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2019-05/18/c_1124511762.htm
Xinhua commentary: The United States ignores the development trend and is not awake!
2019-05-18 11:35:31 Source: Xinhuanet
Pay attention to Xinhuanet
Qzone
Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, May 18th: The United States ignores the development trend and is not awake!
Xinhua News Agency reporter Sun Wen, Zheng Liang
The United States unilaterally provoked trade disputes with China in an attempt to force China to enter into an alliance under the city with ruthless pressure. This is obviously to regard itself as the "hegemony" of the world, ignoring the mighty global development trend, reflecting the major strategic misjudgment of the US policy toward China, which is not sober!
The U.S. authority’s "U.S. priority" goal and its path of realization are inconsistent with the general trend of globalization. Some American politicians have serious misjudgments about the Sino-US situation. They believe that there is no way for innovation and sustainable development beyond the values, politics, and economic systems of the United States. They selectively listened to those unspoken views and exaggerated the role of US foreign economic relations, trade and investment in China's development after 1978. It is China's leaping development to ignore the arduous struggle of all Chinese people along the right path of self-selection. The root cause underestimates the great resilience, potential and resistance of the Chinese economy, and believes that China cannot live without the United States.
In fact, compared with China, the United States is more dependent on external markets and international economic relations, and is more vulnerable to global economic shocks. In addition to merchandise trade, considering the service trade and the huge income of American companies in China, the US relies on Sino-US economic and trade relations as much as or even higher than China's dependence on it. If the United States simply manipulates the escalation of trade disputes, it will certainly affect the global market, and the consequences will inevitably result in greater losses.
The world is in great shape and is vast. The US counter-globalization trend to escalate trade disputes with China and repeatedly manipulate the limits of pressure is tantamount to lifting a rock and licking its own feet. Many states in the United States, especially some large agricultural states, have been injured in the Sino-US trade war. American farmers continue to complain about the government's irrationality. The tariffs imposed on Chinese exports have led to a rapid rise in consumer prices. Inflation pressures have increased, and the cost of adding tariffs has finally been borne entirely by American consumers. At the expense of the interests of the American people, the pursuit of the so-called "US priority" is very unclear and ridiculous!
News link:
Xinhua News Agency commentator: Qian Millen is still strong
Xinhua News Agency commentator: Chaoyun Feidu is still calm
Xinhua International Commentary: American technology bullying "missing" and "missing"
Xinhua commentary: It’s unrealistic to have a global reversal of the map!
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Thats good to hear. US and china totally devastated.malays will rule the world.
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https://tech.sina.com.cn/d/s/2019-05-18/doc-ihvhiqax9509510.shtml
廿载廿星！北斗二号收官！
廿载廿星！北斗二号收官！
来源：中国空间技术研究院
“航天报国的嫦娥团队、神舟团队平均年龄是33岁，北斗团队平均年龄是35岁。这样的青年英杰数不胜数”，习近平总书记在纪念五四运动100周年大会上的讲话中为北斗团队点赞。今天，北斗团队再创佳绩，圆满完成了北斗二号的收官之战。
5月17日，第四十五颗北斗导航卫星与来自中国北斗大本营——中国空间技术研究院（以下简称研究院）的亲人们依依话别，随后腾空而起，奔赴天疆，这意味着北斗区域导航系统建设圆满收官。这颗星也是研究院研制发射的第269颗航天器。
今年是北斗二号卫星启动论证二十周年，北斗二号用二十颗星的辉煌战绩奠定了北斗自信，打响了北斗品牌，充分彰显了中国自主创新的传奇与辉煌。
自创“中国功夫” 奠定北斗自信
与高手同台竞技，我们必须自创一派“中国功夫”。“北斗的研制，是中国人自己干出来的。‘巨人’对我们技术封锁，不让我们站在肩膀上。唯一的办法，就是自己成为巨人。”北斗二号卫星首任总指挥李祖洪说。
北斗二号诞生于国家迫切需要之时。当时，研究院抓总研制的北斗一号卫星实现了我国卫星导航系统的从无到有。按照“三步走”的发展战略，全力建设北斗二号卫星系统、快速形成区域导航服务能力成为当务之急。
方向清晰，但道路艰难。面对当时相对薄弱的技术条件，研制团队突破了国际上其它卫星导航系统均由中圆轨道卫星构建的惯例，创造性提出了国际上首个多轨道混合导航星座方案，用较少的卫星数量实现较高的性能指标，用较低的投入实现了亚太大部分地区的导航覆盖，既满足国家战略需求，又为国际卫星导航系统建设提供了新的技术路线。
研制道路上最大的“拦路虎”是高精度时间基准技术，这项核心技术直接决定着定位精度，决定着整个工程的成败。国外对我们技术封锁，怎么办？自己干！研制团队咬紧牙关，勇于创新，全力啃下了这块“硬骨头”，使国产星载铷钟从无到有，从粗到细，性能指标不断提高，成功突破了封锁。“六七十年代我们有原子弹，现在我们有原子钟”，北斗因自主创新而挺起了国人的脊梁。
坚持自主创新，使北斗之路越走越自信。随着国产化率逐步提高至核心部件100%以及一系列技术瓶颈被相继攻克，研究院较好地应对了高精度、高稳定、高可靠、难度大的技术挑战，实现了我国航天技术的新跨越，使我国昂首屹立于世界卫星导航强手之林。
打赢“突破战” 塑造北斗品牌
“北斗系统已成为中国实施改革开放40年来取得的重要成就之一。”习近平总书记在联合国全球卫星导航系统国际委员会第十三届大会的贺电中如此评价。回首那没有硝烟的战场上的一幕幕，我们可以清晰地看到，这张闪亮的中国名片是如何被塑造的。
首场便是“闪电战”。第一颗飞行试验星与时间赛跑，抢在空间频率失效前的四个小时获得清晰信号，打赢了占有频率、新技术新体制试验、中圆轨道空间环境验证的首战，拉开了北斗区域导航系统建设的序幕。
正式组网的首发星却让北斗人接受了在轨故障的挫折和卧薪尝胆的奋起。随着对北斗系统建设客观规律的再认识逐步深化，危机变为生机，接下来的三年里，北斗二号14星连战连捷，创造了我国航天史上前所未有的“中国速度”，最终建成了首个真正意义上的具有中国特色的导航系统！
2012年12月27日，北斗卫星导航系统正式提供区域服务。中共中央、国务院、中央军委在贺电中指出：“该系统建成并投入使用，是国家和军队信息化建设的重要里程碑，是对我国经济社会发展的重要贡献”。
打赢的底气，除了技术实力，更有其蕴藏的工程管理智慧。研究院创造性地摸索了一套突破关键技术、形成系统集成、确保卫星产品高质量的项目群管理方法，迅速完成了由单星生产模式向批量生产模式的转变，使卫星的研制周期缩短近30%，设计师工作效率提高一倍，总装设计劳动强度下降50%以上，多次创下发射场质量零缺陷的奇迹，为我国宇航能力的提升积淀了宝贵财富。
“我们一直把中国北斗看做国家名片，倾尽全力去爱护它、建设它”，时任北斗二号卫星总设计师，现任北斗三号工程副总设计师、卫星首席总设计师谢军饱含深情地说。怀揣北斗报国情，一代又一代北斗人接续拼搏二十载，练就了一支技术精湛、作风过硬、开拓奋进的人才队伍，传承经验和文化，铸就了“自主创新、团结协作、攻坚克难、追求卓越”的北斗精神，携手塑造了中国北斗这个响当当的品牌。
善打“持久战” 兑现北斗承诺
北斗路漫漫，唯有打好“持久战”，确保24小时不间断的精稳运行，才能兑现承诺。而目前仍在太空中运行的16颗北斗二号卫星，近半数已是超寿服役。虽然这支光荣的队伍老骥伏枥、斗志昂扬，但不可否认其“老龄化”趋势。
今日发射的北斗二号卫星，就是以备份星身份对北斗区域卫星导航系统提供的有力补充。针对多年来在轨运行状况进行不断的进步改进，此星将有效提高系统的可靠性和健壮性，进一步改善系统的服务性能。“备份星为北斗二号向北斗三号过渡发挥了重大作用”，北斗卫星导航系统总设计师杨长风评价道。稳固的大后方对整个北斗导航工程至关重要。
“北斗系统是一个重承诺的系统，一定会为用户提供连续稳定的运行服务”，北斗二号总指挥兼总设计师杨慧说。在研制北斗二号备份星的同时，研究院成立了首个导航在轨管理团队，以项目群研制管理模式为基础，形成对北斗系统全周期、全寿命的天地立体化保障网，确保星座群的长期可靠运行，服务能力不断提升。
令人欣慰的是，自正式提供服务以来，北斗导航区域系统一直在连续、稳定、可靠地运行，免费向亚太地区提供公开服务，全天候、全天时为各类用户提供了大量高精度、高可靠的定位、导航、授时服务，从未发生一次服务中断。
随着北斗导航卫星系统建设和服务能力的发展，相关产品已广泛应用于交通运输、海洋渔业、水文监测、气象预报、测绘地理信息、森林防火、通信时统、电力调度、救灾减灾等领域。国之重器已走进平常百姓家，逐步渗透到人类社会生产和生活的方方面面，为全球经济和社会发展注入新的活力。
正如杨慧所说：“尽我所能，倾我所有——北斗导航向世界许下庄严的承诺。奉献是北斗的追求，也是北斗的义务”。二十载、二十星，北斗二号将国人的骄傲书写在寥廓星空；2020年服务范围覆盖全球、2035年建设完善“更加泛在、更加融合、更加智能的综合时空体系”，北斗二号将在天疆默默坚守，续写新的传奇。
作者：潘晨
摄影：南勇
编辑：胡潇潇
责编：邵素芝
更多阅读
想了解更多关于北斗的信息吗，《科学大家》栏目邀请到了“北斗女神”中国科学院光电研究院研究员徐颖 老师，聊聊北斗建设那些事
中国为什么要建卫星导航系统？听听北斗女神是咋说的
https://tech.sina.com.cn/scientist/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiqax9270979.shtml
中国为什么要建卫星导航系统？听听北斗女神是咋说的
中国为什么要建卫星导航系统？听听北斗女神是咋说的
出品| 新浪科技《科学大家》
撰文| 徐颖 北斗导航系统科学家、中国科学院空天信息研究院研究员、博士生导师
2018年12月27日，北斗三号基本系统完成建设，开始提供全球服务,北斗系统服务范围由区域扩展为全球，正式迈入全球时代。
中国为什么要建北斗全球系统？
北斗卫星导航系统“三步走”战略（图片来源：中国青年网）
上世纪九十年代，北斗系统启动研制，按照“三步走”发展战略，先有源后无源，先区域后全球，先后建成北斗一号、北斗二号、北斗三号系统，走出了一条中国特色的卫星导航系统建设道路。
北斗系统卫星总指挥李长江曾说过，第一代卫星导航系统是起步阶段，用很少的资金投入，打破了国外卫星导航领域的垄断，但由于自身原理上的限制，无法发展成全球卫星导航系统，所以在第一代导航系统建设的同时，开始了第二代导航系统的建设认证。
第一代北斗星座接收机是有源的，存在着暴露用户位置的缺陷，因而，在某些特殊领域的用途受限。如果大家看过刘慈欣的《三体》，应该都记得里面最重要的话：“不要回答，不要回答，不要回答”，因为一旦回答返回信号，你的位置就可能存在暴露的风险。另外，当你向我发送信息后，我需要来响应你，而如果刚好此时还有其他人也给我发送信息，就可能造成信息堵塞，无法及时回复所有人。
在这样的情况下，建设一个无源的定位系统迫在眉睫，该怎么建设呢？第一步,在2003年左右建成北斗导航一号系统，解决我国卫星导航系统有无问题，为我国及周边地区中低动态用户提供快速定位、短报文通信和授时服务；第二步，在2012年左右建成北斗二号系统，为我国及周边国家提供稳定的导航、定位、测速和授时服务；第三步，在2020年，建成“独立自主、开放兼容、安全可靠、技术先进、突出重点”的北斗三号系统，开拓国际导航市场。
2018年12月27日，中国北斗卫星导航定位系统正式具备全球定位能力，可在全球范围内为各类用户提供高精度、高可靠的定位、导航、授时服务，北斗三号除了提供全球服务以外，继续保留了传统的北斗特色服务：短报文和位置报告。北斗三号很好地把导航和通信技术聚合在一个系统中，这个特色服务是美国的GPS、俄罗斯的GLONASS、欧洲的GALILEO三大系统所不具备的。
未来，北斗三号将继续发射卫星，直到2020年建成由30颗卫星覆盖的北斗全球系统。北斗全球系统星座由3颗GEO卫星，24颗MEO卫星和3颗IGSO卫星组成；地面段包括主控站、注入站和检测站等若干地面站；用户段包括北斗用户终端以及与其他卫星导航系统兼容的终端。
北斗建设有哪些基本原则？
我们建设北斗系统有四个基本原则，第一个是开放。北斗会向全球用户免费提供这样一个服务，就是在北斗官网可以下载相应的ICD文件，自己做北斗的接收机，可以享受国家建设的卫星地面站给你带来的导航服务。
你可能会问，那我要买这个终端还是要花钱呢？这其实是因为该终端是相应的厂商做的。比如说我们把手机比做成一个服务商的话，你买了手机之后，每个月还需要缴纳一定的通讯费用手机才能使用，无论你用的是联通、移动还是电信。但我们把北斗比作成一个导航位置服务商的话，你使用这个导航服务是不用花钱的，不会每个月向你收取导航位置服务费，这是北斗系统的开放原则。当然开放并不是全部开放，主要开放的是民码频点和服务，类似军码不会开放，还有通信服务需要授权才可以获取。
第二个原则是自主，自主这一点不用太多解释，比如说之前提到的各种“卡脖子”技术等等，都指向了自主这个问题。所以北斗从最开始建设的时候，就有了独立自主的原则。什么才算独立自主？第一点是本系统不依赖其他系统，能够独立运行，不会因为GPS关闭后系统就不能运行了；第二点是北斗系统里所有核心器件，都百分之百实现了国产化，不能费尽九牛二虎之力建立一个系统，结果核心器件却要依靠外国进口。
第三个原则是渐进，北斗系统建设分三步走，即上面提过的建设无源导航系统的三步走计划，有人问北斗三号2020年建成后，后续会不会有四号五号呢？先举个例子，GPS系统建成已经过去很多年了，现在美国仍在对GPS进行升级，所以说更新换代和升级这个过程一定会持续，主要取决于国家的经济和技术水平；
第四个建设原则是兼容，致力于实现与其他卫星导航系统的兼容与互操作，让用户获得更好的服务。
2018年，北斗和GPS签署了兼容协议，之前北斗也和GLONASS签署过兼容互操作协议。有很多人问为什么要和GPS兼容呢？这其实并不是说两个系统兼容就相当于合并成一个系统了，兼容和独立自主之间不矛盾，兼容的意思主要是指在民用频点和信号的兼容。因为ITU分给导航的频段有限，所以在这个频段当中要兼容这些系统，如北斗，GPS、GLONASS等，需要世界各国的导航系统进行协调频率、调制方式等，最后让民用的用户能够在终端上方便地使用所有可以接收到的导航系统来为其提供更高性能的服务。
所以这四个建设原则下，2004年,北斗二号系统区域系统开始建设，我国的卫星导航定位系统走向了发展新时期。
2007年，北斗二号系统建设稳健推进，发射了第一颗试验星04星用于接替北斗一号01星，以保证系统联系稳定运行和不间断提供服务。卫星寿命有限，北斗一号组网卫星的预期寿命是8年。
2009年，北斗二号G2星升空，预备替换已经工作9年的北斗一号02星。
2010年，接替北斗一号01、03星的北斗二号G1、G3星发射成功，顺利接入北斗一号系统，操作时间比预计缩短一半，系统中断服务仅1秒钟，圆满实现平稳过渡。
北斗二号系统：首创用IGSO卫星定位
平稳过渡后，北斗二号系统的建设开始着重解决北斗一号的部分不足，其中，星座结构设计成为后期工作的重中之重。
美国、俄罗斯的导航系统采用的是中圆轨道，MEO卫星均匀分布在轨道面，这样的对称星座，轨道面均匀，相位也均匀，是覆盖全球的最优星座。
对于要形成区域导航服务能力的中国，到底什么样的星座可行？科研人员发现，MEO卫星绕地球旋转，每天只有30%的时间位于中国的国土上空，其他时间不能为中国提供服务。最终北斗区域系统没有以MEO卫星为主，更多采用了倾斜地球轨道卫星IGSO、地球静止轨道卫星GEO。这两种卫星的活动范围，相对固定。
GEO同步卫星轨道倾角为0度，相对地面不动，但有时会处于同一直线上，不能计算定点的位置，因此还需要IGSO卫星，也是同步卫星，但轨道倾角是55度呈“8”字形，有70%-80%的时间停留在中国的国土上空，用IGSO卫星定位，这在世界上是第一次。
目前，北斗区域星座的结构是“5GEO+5IGSO+4MEO”，这是一个星地一体的卫星网络，对大型复杂星座控制与管理也是确保北斗导航系统可靠性的关键。这样的星座设计可以边建边用、以用促建，对于逐步实现卫星导航的构想是必由之路，也更符合中国国情。
重中之重的“原子钟”
如果说要通过导航卫星直接精确测量出物体空间坐标，这是一件目前还无法完成的技术问题。但卫星导航可以把距离测量转换成时间测量，以精确的时间信息来表达精确的距离信息，这就是卫星导航的秘密武器。
精确的时间测量，前提要有精确的时间基准，简单说，就是要高精度的时钟，这个精度是如此的苛刻，以至于要达到几十万年、甚至几百万年才能误差一秒的时钟，这是当前任何机械时钟、电子时钟都不可能达到的精度。
机械表一天差不多有1秒误差，石英表一天大概有0.1秒的误差，都无法满足高精度时钟的要求。
科学家们在实验室里惊奇地观察到，原子钟电子从一个能级状态跃迁到另一个能级状态时，所发射出的电磁波频率异常的稳定。如果以这个频率作为钟摆，就能做出令人难以置信的高精度时钟，这就是原子钟的由来。
目前，GPS定位精确度主要取决于卫星上的原子钟精度，以及各卫星和地面站，卫星间的原子钟时间同步精度。如果测量的时间误差达到百万分之一秒，那么位置就相差300米。
基于时间的基础性和重要性，我国迫切需要建设独立自主的时间系统，而其中的关键就是高精度的原子钟。
星载氢原子钟。来源：装备科技微信公众号
北京大学、中科院、中国航天科技集团等多个部门空间物理、空间无线电等领域专家组成的课题组，经过两年研究试验，原子钟的难题终于解决了，我国自己生产的原子钟可以精确到十亿分一秒。
原子钟迈开了从基础科学研究到产品应用的步伐。中国自己的星载原子钟设计总体技术方案已成熟，元器件国产化率达到100%，真正实现了技术国内自主化，彻底破除了西方的技术封锁。现在，中国卫星上的原子钟已全部实现了国产。这也是航天事业的发展需求推动了科技产业发展的一个真实案例。
为了北斗建设，我们发射过多少卫星？
早在2006年2月21日，根据北斗系统建设规划和进展，我国第一颗北斗导航系统卫星使用的卫星网络就登入国际电联频率总表。2007年3月26日，北斗一号04星的发射和在轨运行正式启用了该网络。
北斗系统在2010-2012年的3年期间共发射了15颗卫星，同期美国GPS BLOCK IIR发射组网，美国人用了八年的时间才将13可导航卫星逐一送上太空。
这一串发射时间，清晰地记录着我国北斗工程迅猛发展的真实历程
北斗二号的成功不仅意味着中国已经位居世界卫星导航技术强国之列，也意味着全世界近1/3人口有机会享受更加优质的导航服务，是中国科技发展对亚太地区、对世界的巨大贡献，是中国人在世界航天史上留下的浓墨重彩的一笔。北斗历尽磨难，走过了风风雨雨的二十年，终于达到了第一个高峰。
北斗系统广泛应用 造福于民
自2011年12月27日正式宣布提供服务以来，北斗卫星导航系统已转入系统建设和应用推广并举的新阶段，并逐步拓展到交通运输、气象、渔业、林业、电信、水利、测绘等应用领域。
渔船航运：在我国南海，大概有70%的渔船都装载北斗系统，我们都知道海上其实没有基站，所以没有办法打电话，科考船一般会有卫星电话，海事卫星会保障通信，但对于渔民，卫星电话费用昂贵，渔民一般出海就会失联，无法保持通信。现在渔船装载北斗系统后，渔民出海捕鱼既可以通过发短信给家里人报平安，如果遇上危险还可以直接联系海警求救。
精确授时：北斗系统的氢原子钟精度非常高，有了这么高的精度可以来做什么呢？现实生活中，就算我们手机上时间差了一两分钟，对生活其实也不会有太大影响，但在关系着国计民生的行业当中，比如说金融业，如果金融结算当中的结算时间相差一毫秒，结算金额可能就会相差几千万美元；在电力系统中，如果不能够做到各个地区时间和频率高度一致的话，就有可能就在用电高峰期发生峰值叠加，从而导致整片区域断电。
抗震救灾：汶川地震时候，自然灾害导致所有的通信设施不能使用，而卫星在天上不受地面灾害的影响，当时灾区的通信服务如移动等做通信恢复已经非常及时，一两天的时间就能够再次提供通信服务，但是我们也知道黄金72小时救援，所以1分1秒都非常非常宝贵，不能浪费，汶川地震后的第一条信息就是由北斗一号终端发出来的，能够在非常危急、非常态情况下，提供紧急救援的导航和通信服务。
我们可以看到，北斗系统不管上天、入地还是下海，不管是对人还是车辆，都提供了最最基础的时间、空间的信息服务，引用卫星导航系统业内的一句名言：卫星导航应用系统的应用只受制于人们想象力的限制！
未来的导航系统：PNT体系
最后我们来畅想下未来是什么样子。北斗3号之后是不是还会有北斗四号、五号？一定是有的，但也许不叫这个名字，因为我们现在正在论证PNT体系。
P就是positioning，N是navigation，T是timing，也就是定位导航授时体系的意思，美国在08年开始研究PNT体系，其目的是要建设一套不依赖于GPS的随时导航定位授时的体系，因为美国发现对于GPS太过依赖，如果没有GPS很多东西可能都会无法使用，而GPS在某些情况下很容易被干扰或是被欺骗，这是卫星导航系统存在的天然脆弱性，无法避免。
所以我们也想研究做中国国家的PNT体系，能够真正作为北斗系统的补充、备份增强和融合，在北斗系统现在覆盖不到的地方，提供一个为任何人，在任何地点，任何精度的可靠服务，也包括导航和通信深度融合的技术，希望能够在北斗系统建成之后，真正的构建一个应用更广泛和更可靠的系统。
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廿载廿星！北斗二号收官！
廿载廿星！北斗二号收官！
来源：中国空间技术研究院
“航天报国的嫦娥团队、神舟团队平均年龄是33岁，北斗团队平均年龄是35岁。这样的青年英杰数不胜数”，习近平总书记在纪念五四运动100周年大会上的讲话中为北斗团队点赞。今天，北斗团队再创佳绩，圆满完成了北斗二号的收官之战。
5月17日，第四十五颗北斗导航卫星与来自中国北斗大本营——中国空间技术研究院（以下简称研究院）的亲人们依依话别，随后腾空而起，奔赴天疆，这意味着北斗区域导航系统建设圆满收官。这颗星也是研究院研制发射的第269颗航天器。
今年是北斗二号卫星启动论证二十周年，北斗二号用二十颗星的辉煌战绩奠定了北斗自信，打响了北斗品牌，充分彰显了中国自主创新的传奇与辉煌。
自创“中国功夫” 奠定北斗自信
与高手同台竞技，我们必须自创一派“中国功夫”。“北斗的研制，是中国人自己干出来的。‘巨人’对我们技术封锁，不让我们站在肩膀上。唯一的办法，就是自己成为巨人。”北斗二号卫星首任总指挥李祖洪说。
北斗二号诞生于国家迫切需要之时。当时，研究院抓总研制的北斗一号卫星实现了我国卫星导航系统的从无到有。按照“三步走”的发展战略，全力建设北斗二号卫星系统、快速形成区域导航服务能力成为当务之急。
方向清晰，但道路艰难。面对当时相对薄弱的技术条件，研制团队突破了国际上其它卫星导航系统均由中圆轨道卫星构建的惯例，创造性提出了国际上首个多轨道混合导航星座方案，用较少的卫星数量实现较高的性能指标，用较低的投入实现了亚太大部分地区的导航覆盖，既满足国家战略需求，又为国际卫星导航系统建设提供了新的技术路线。
研制道路上最大的“拦路虎”是高精度时间基准技术，这项核心技术直接决定着定位精度，决定着整个工程的成败。国外对我们技术封锁，怎么办？自己干！研制团队咬紧牙关，勇于创新，全力啃下了这块“硬骨头”，使国产星载铷钟从无到有，从粗到细，性能指标不断提高，成功突破了封锁。“六七十年代我们有原子弹，现在我们有原子钟”，北斗因自主创新而挺起了国人的脊梁。
坚持自主创新，使北斗之路越走越自信。随着国产化率逐步提高至核心部件100%以及一系列技术瓶颈被相继攻克，研究院较好地应对了高精度、高稳定、高可靠、难度大的技术挑战，实现了我国航天技术的新跨越，使我国昂首屹立于世界卫星导航强手之林。
打赢“突破战” 塑造北斗品牌
“北斗系统已成为中国实施改革开放40年来取得的重要成就之一。”习近平总书记在联合国全球卫星导航系统国际委员会第十三届大会的贺电中如此评价。回首那没有硝烟的战场上的一幕幕，我们可以清晰地看到，这张闪亮的中国名片是如何被塑造的。
首场便是“闪电战”。第一颗飞行试验星与时间赛跑，抢在空间频率失效前的四个小时获得清晰信号，打赢了占有频率、新技术新体制试验、中圆轨道空间环境验证的首战，拉开了北斗区域导航系统建设的序幕。
正式组网的首发星却让北斗人接受了在轨故障的挫折和卧薪尝胆的奋起。随着对北斗系统建设客观规律的再认识逐步深化，危机变为生机，接下来的三年里，北斗二号14星连战连捷，创造了我国航天史上前所未有的“中国速度”，最终建成了首个真正意义上的具有中国特色的导航系统！
2012年12月27日，北斗卫星导航系统正式提供区域服务。中共中央、国务院、中央军委在贺电中指出：“该系统建成并投入使用，是国家和军队信息化建设的重要里程碑，是对我国经济社会发展的重要贡献”。
打赢的底气，除了技术实力，更有其蕴藏的工程管理智慧。研究院创造性地摸索了一套突破关键技术、形成系统集成、确保卫星产品高质量的项目群管理方法，迅速完成了由单星生产模式向批量生产模式的转变，使卫星的研制周期缩短近30%，设计师工作效率提高一倍，总装设计劳动强度下降50%以上，多次创下发射场质量零缺陷的奇迹，为我国宇航能力的提升积淀了宝贵财富。
“我们一直把中国北斗看做国家名片，倾尽全力去爱护它、建设它”，时任北斗二号卫星总设计师，现任北斗三号工程副总设计师、卫星首席总设计师谢军饱含深情地说。怀揣北斗报国情，一代又一代北斗人接续拼搏二十载，练就了一支技术精湛、作风过硬、开拓奋进的人才队伍，传承经验和文化，铸就了“自主创新、团结协作、攻坚克难、追求卓越”的北斗精神，携手塑造了中国北斗这个响当当的品牌。
善打“持久战” 兑现北斗承诺
北斗路漫漫，唯有打好“持久战”，确保24小时不间断的精稳运行，才能兑现承诺。而目前仍在太空中运行的16颗北斗二号卫星，近半数已是超寿服役。虽然这支光荣的队伍老骥伏枥、斗志昂扬，但不可否认其“老龄化”趋势。
今日发射的北斗二号卫星，就是以备份星身份对北斗区域卫星导航系统提供的有力补充。针对多年来在轨运行状况进行不断的进步改进，此星将有效提高系统的可靠性和健壮性，进一步改善系统的服务性能。“备份星为北斗二号向北斗三号过渡发挥了重大作用”，北斗卫星导航系统总设计师杨长风评价道。稳固的大后方对整个北斗导航工程至关重要。
“北斗系统是一个重承诺的系统，一定会为用户提供连续稳定的运行服务”，北斗二号总指挥兼总设计师杨慧说。在研制北斗二号备份星的同时，研究院成立了首个导航在轨管理团队，以项目群研制管理模式为基础，形成对北斗系统全周期、全寿命的天地立体化保障网，确保星座群的长期可靠运行，服务能力不断提升。
令人欣慰的是，自正式提供服务以来，北斗导航区域系统一直在连续、稳定、可靠地运行，免费向亚太地区提供公开服务，全天候、全天时为各类用户提供了大量高精度、高可靠的定位、导航、授时服务，从未发生一次服务中断。
随着北斗导航卫星系统建设和服务能力的发展，相关产品已广泛应用于交通运输、海洋渔业、水文监测、气象预报、测绘地理信息、森林防火、通信时统、电力调度、救灾减灾等领域。国之重器已走进平常百姓家，逐步渗透到人类社会生产和生活的方方面面，为全球经济和社会发展注入新的活力。
正如杨慧所说：“尽我所能，倾我所有——北斗导航向世界许下庄严的承诺。奉献是北斗的追求，也是北斗的义务”。二十载、二十星，北斗二号将国人的骄傲书写在寥廓星空；2020年服务范围覆盖全球、2035年建设完善“更加泛在、更加融合、更加智能的综合时空体系”，北斗二号将在天疆默默坚守，续写新的传奇。
作者：潘晨
摄影：南勇
编辑：胡潇潇
责编：邵素芝
更多阅读
想了解更多关于北斗的信息吗，《科学大家》栏目邀请到了“北斗女神”中国科学院光电研究院研究员徐颖 老师，聊聊北斗建设那些事
中国为什么要建卫星导航系统？听听北斗女神是咋说的
https://tech.sina.com.cn/scientist/2019-05-17/doc-ihvhiqax9270979.shtml
中国为什么要建卫星导航系统？听听北斗女神是咋说的
中国为什么要建卫星导航系统？听听北斗女神是咋说的
出品| 新浪科技《科学大家》
撰文| 徐颖 北斗导航系统科学家、中国科学院空天信息研究院研究员、博士生导师
2018年12月27日，北斗三号基本系统完成建设，开始提供全球服务,北斗系统服务范围由区域扩展为全球，正式迈入全球时代。
中国为什么要建北斗全球系统？
上世纪九十年代，北斗系统启动研制，按照“三步走”发展战略，先有源后无源，先区域后全球，先后建成北斗一号、北斗二号、北斗三号系统，走出了一条中国特色的卫星导航系统建设道路。
北斗系统卫星总指挥李长江曾说过，第一代卫星导航系统是起步阶段，用很少的资金投入，打破了国外卫星导航领域的垄断，但由于自身原理上的限制，无法发展成全球卫星导航系统，所以在第一代导航系统建设的同时，开始了第二代导航系统的建设认证。
第一代北斗星座接收机是有源的，存在着暴露用户位置的缺陷，因而，在某些特殊领域的用途受限。如果大家看过刘慈欣的《三体》，应该都记得里面最重要的话：“不要回答，不要回答，不要回答”，因为一旦回答返回信号，你的位置就可能存在暴露的风险。另外，当你向我发送信息后，我需要来响应你，而如果刚好此时还有其他人也给我发送信息，就可能造成信息堵塞，无法及时回复所有人。
在这样的情况下，建设一个无源的定位系统迫在眉睫，该怎么建设呢？第一步,在2003年左右建成北斗导航一号系统，解决我国卫星导航系统有无问题，为我国及周边地区中低动态用户提供快速定位、短报文通信和授时服务；第二步，在2012年左右建成北斗二号系统，为我国及周边国家提供稳定的导航、定位、测速和授时服务；第三步，在2020年，建成“独立自主、开放兼容、安全可靠、技术先进、突出重点”的北斗三号系统，开拓国际导航市场。
2018年12月27日，中国北斗卫星导航定位系统正式具备全球定位能力，可在全球范围内为各类用户提供高精度、高可靠的定位、导航、授时服务，北斗三号除了提供全球服务以外，继续保留了传统的北斗特色服务：短报文和位置报告。北斗三号很好地把导航和通信技术聚合在一个系统中，这个特色服务是美国的GPS、俄罗斯的GLONASS、欧洲的GALILEO三大系统所不具备的。
未来，北斗三号将继续发射卫星，直到2020年建成由30颗卫星覆盖的北斗全球系统。北斗全球系统星座由3颗GEO卫星，24颗MEO卫星和3颗IGSO卫星组成；地面段包括主控站、注入站和检测站等若干地面站；用户段包括北斗用户终端以及与其他卫星导航系统兼容的终端。
北斗建设有哪些基本原则？
我们建设北斗系统有四个基本原则，第一个是开放。北斗会向全球用户免费提供这样一个服务，就是在北斗官网可以下载相应的ICD文件，自己做北斗的接收机，可以享受国家建设的卫星地面站给你带来的导航服务。
你可能会问，那我要买这个终端还是要花钱呢？这其实是因为该终端是相应的厂商做的。比如说我们把手机比做成一个服务商的话，你买了手机之后，每个月还需要缴纳一定的通讯费用手机才能使用，无论你用的是联通、移动还是电信。但我们把北斗比作成一个导航位置服务商的话，你使用这个导航服务是不用花钱的，不会每个月向你收取导航位置服务费，这是北斗系统的开放原则。当然开放并不是全部开放，主要开放的是民码频点和服务，类似军码不会开放，还有通信服务需要授权才可以获取。
第二个原则是自主，自主这一点不用太多解释，比如说之前提到的各种“卡脖子”技术等等，都指向了自主这个问题。所以北斗从最开始建设的时候，就有了独立自主的原则。什么才算独立自主？第一点是本系统不依赖其他系统，能够独立运行，不会因为GPS关闭后系统就不能运行了；第二点是北斗系统里所有核心器件，都百分之百实现了国产化，不能费尽九牛二虎之力建立一个系统，结果核心器件却要依靠外国进口。
第三个原则是渐进，北斗系统建设分三步走，即上面提过的建设无源导航系统的三步走计划，有人问北斗三号2020年建成后，后续会不会有四号五号呢？先举个例子，GPS系统建成已经过去很多年了，现在美国仍在对GPS进行升级，所以说更新换代和升级这个过程一定会持续，主要取决于国家的经济和技术水平；
第四个建设原则是兼容，致力于实现与其他卫星导航系统的兼容与互操作，让用户获得更好的服务。
2018年，北斗和GPS签署了兼容协议，之前北斗也和GLONASS签署过兼容互操作协议。有很多人问为什么要和GPS兼容呢？这其实并不是说两个系统兼容就相当于合并成一个系统了，兼容和独立自主之间不矛盾，兼容的意思主要是指在民用频点和信号的兼容。因为ITU分给导航的频段有限，所以在这个频段当中要兼容这些系统，如北斗，GPS、GLONASS等，需要世界各国的导航系统进行协调频率、调制方式等，最后让民用的用户能够在终端上方便地使用所有可以接收到的导航系统来为其提供更高性能的服务。
所以这四个建设原则下，2004年,北斗二号系统区域系统开始建设，我国的卫星导航定位系统走向了发展新时期。
2007年，北斗二号系统建设稳健推进，发射了第一颗试验星04星用于接替北斗一号01星，以保证系统联系稳定运行和不间断提供服务。卫星寿命有限，北斗一号组网卫星的预期寿命是8年。
2009年，北斗二号G2星升空，预备替换已经工作9年的北斗一号02星。
2010年，接替北斗一号01、03星的北斗二号G1、G3星发射成功，顺利接入北斗一号系统，操作时间比预计缩短一半，系统中断服务仅1秒钟，圆满实现平稳过渡。
北斗二号系统：首创用IGSO卫星定位
平稳过渡后，北斗二号系统的建设开始着重解决北斗一号的部分不足，其中，星座结构设计成为后期工作的重中之重。
美国、俄罗斯的导航系统采用的是中圆轨道，MEO卫星均匀分布在轨道面，这样的对称星座，轨道面均匀，相位也均匀，是覆盖全球的最优星座。
对于要形成区域导航服务能力的中国，到底什么样的星座可行？科研人员发现，MEO卫星绕地球旋转，每天只有30%的时间位于中国的国土上空，其他时间不能为中国提供服务。最终北斗区域系统没有以MEO卫星为主，更多采用了倾斜地球轨道卫星IGSO、地球静止轨道卫星GEO。这两种卫星的活动范围，相对固定。
GEO同步卫星轨道倾角为0度，相对地面不动，但有时会处于同一直线上，不能计算定点的位置，因此还需要IGSO卫星，也是同步卫星，但轨道倾角是55度呈“8”字形，有70%-80%的时间停留在中国的国土上空，用IGSO卫星定位，这在世界上是第一次。
目前，北斗区域星座的结构是“5GEO+5IGSO+4MEO”，这是一个星地一体的卫星网络，对大型复杂星座控制与管理也是确保北斗导航系统可靠性的关键。这样的星座设计可以边建边用、以用促建，对于逐步实现卫星导航的构想是必由之路，也更符合中国国情。
重中之重的“原子钟”
如果说要通过导航卫星直接精确测量出物体空间坐标，这是一件目前还无法完成的技术问题。但卫星导航可以把距离测量转换成时间测量，以精确的时间信息来表达精确的距离信息，这就是卫星导航的秘密武器。
精确的时间测量，前提要有精确的时间基准，简单说，就是要高精度的时钟，这个精度是如此的苛刻，以至于要达到几十万年、甚至几百万年才能误差一秒的时钟，这是当前任何机械时钟、电子时钟都不可能达到的精度。
机械表一天差不多有1秒误差，石英表一天大概有0.1秒的误差，都无法满足高精度时钟的要求。
科学家们在实验室里惊奇地观察到，原子钟电子从一个能级状态跃迁到另一个能级状态时，所发射出的电磁波频率异常的稳定。如果以这个频率作为钟摆，就能做出令人难以置信的高精度时钟，这就是原子钟的由来。
目前，GPS定位精确度主要取决于卫星上的原子钟精度，以及各卫星和地面站，卫星间的原子钟时间同步精度。如果测量的时间误差达到百万分之一秒，那么位置就相差300米。
基于时间的基础性和重要性，我国迫切需要建设独立自主的时间系统，而其中的关键就是高精度的原子钟。
北京大学、中科院、中国航天科技集团等多个部门空间物理、空间无线电等领域专家组成的课题组，经过两年研究试验，原子钟的难题终于解决了，我国自己生产的原子钟可以精确到十亿分一秒。
原子钟迈开了从基础科学研究到产品应用的步伐。中国自己的星载原子钟设计总体技术方案已成熟，元器件国产化率达到100%，真正实现了技术国内自主化，彻底破除了西方的技术封锁。现在，中国卫星上的原子钟已全部实现了国产。这也是航天事业的发展需求推动了科技产业发展的一个真实案例。
为了北斗建设，我们发射过多少卫星？
早在2006年2月21日，根据北斗系统建设规划和进展，我国第一颗北斗导航系统卫星使用的卫星网络就登入国际电联频率总表。2007年3月26日，北斗一号04星的发射和在轨运行正式启用了该网络。
北斗系统在2010-2012年的3年期间共发射了15颗卫星，同期美国GPS BLOCK IIR发射组网，美国人用了八年的时间才将13可导航卫星逐一送上太空。
北斗二号的成功不仅意味着中国已经位居世界卫星导航技术强国之列，也意味着全世界近1/3人口有机会享受更加优质的导航服务，是中国科技发展对亚太地区、对世界的巨大贡献，是中国人在世界航天史上留下的浓墨重彩的一笔。北斗历尽磨难，走过了风风雨雨的二十年，终于达到了第一个高峰。
北斗系统广泛应用 造福于民
自2011年12月27日正式宣布提供服务以来，北斗卫星导航系统已转入系统建设和应用推广并举的新阶段，并逐步拓展到交通运输、气象、渔业、林业、电信、水利、测绘等应用领域。
渔船航运：在我国南海，大概有70%的渔船都装载北斗系统，我们都知道海上其实没有基站，所以没有办法打电话，科考船一般会有卫星电话，海事卫星会保障通信，但对于渔民，卫星电话费用昂贵，渔民一般出海就会失联，无法保持通信。现在渔船装载北斗系统后，渔民出海捕鱼既可以通过发短信给家里人报平安，如果遇上危险还可以直接联系海警求救。
精确授时：北斗系统的氢原子钟精度非常高，有了这么高的精度可以来做什么呢？现实生活中，就算我们手机上时间差了一两分钟，对生活其实也不会有太大影响，但在关系着国计民生的行业当中，比如说金融业，如果金融结算当中的结算时间相差一毫秒，结算金额可能就会相差几千万美元；在电力系统中，如果不能够做到各个地区时间和频率高度一致的话，就有可能就在用电高峰期发生峰值叠加，从而导致整片区域断电。
抗震救灾：汶川地震时候，自然灾害导致所有的通信设施不能使用，而卫星在天上不受地面灾害的影响，当时灾区的通信服务如移动等做通信恢复已经非常及时，一两天的时间就能够再次提供通信服务，但是我们也知道黄金72小时救援，所以1分1秒都非常非常宝贵，不能浪费，汶川地震后的第一条信息就是由北斗一号终端发出来的，能够在非常危急、非常态情况下，提供紧急救援的导航和通信服务。
我们可以看到，北斗系统不管上天、入地还是下海，不管是对人还是车辆，都提供了最最基础的时间、空间的信息服务，引用卫星导航系统业内的一句名言：卫星导航应用系统的应用只受制于人们想象力的限制！
未来的导航系统：PNT体系
最后我们来畅想下未来是什么样子。北斗3号之后是不是还会有北斗四号、五号？一定是有的，但也许不叫这个名字，因为我们现在正在论证PNT体系。
P就是positioning，N是navigation，T是timing，也就是定位导航授时体系的意思，美国在08年开始研究PNT体系，其目的是要建设一套不依赖于GPS的随时导航定位授时的体系，因为美国发现对于GPS太过依赖，如果没有GPS很多东西可能都会无法使用，而GPS在某些情况下很容易被干扰或是被欺骗，这是卫星导航系统存在的天然脆弱性，无法避免。
所以我们也想研究做中国国家的PNT体系，能够真正作为北斗系统的补充、备份增强和融合，在北斗系统现在覆盖不到的地方，提供一个为任何人，在任何地点，任何精度的可靠服务，也包括导航和通信深度融合的技术，希望能够在北斗系统建成之后，真正的构建一个应用更广泛和更可靠的系统。
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It is when you are guiding a missile or warhead towards target and enemy are trying to jam your satellite navigation signals, more satellites is faster fix and more redundancies that you are getting more good signals from more dispersed angles apart from the direction where jamming signal sources are coming from.
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Beijing says USA is now too weak to make any wave for China in Pacific Ocean!
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2019-05-18/doc-ihvhiews2768938.shtml
美国拉帮结派挑动南海局势 专家：掀不起什么大浪
美国拉帮结派挑动南海局势 专家：掀不起什么大浪
46
七十年风雨兼程！回顾中国海军南海大阅兵壮观景象1/11
查看原图图集模式
70年前，人民海军在江苏泰州白马庙宣告诞生。70年来，人民海军在炮火中成长、在发展中壮大，朝着世界一流海军的建设目标，劈波斩浪，驶向深蓝！在今天举行海军节阅兵的时刻，我们不妨先回顾一下南海大阅兵壮观景象。
[环球时报驻美国、印度特约特派记者 温燕 胡博峰 环球时报记者 邢晓婧 王会聪]“每个东南亚国家都需要决定如何对中国的军事扩张进行回应。”据英国《每日快报》17日报道，刚刚结束对日本、印度和新加坡访问的美国海军作战部长约翰·理查德森当地时间周四对媒体表示，美国希望澳大利亚和印尼海军增加在南海争议海域的存在。当被问及澳大利亚、印尼和该地区其他国家是否应该开展“自由航行”以挑战中国的主权声索时，理查德森宣称，“按说应该开展行动。”中国军事问题专家李杰17日接受《环球时报》记者采访时表示，理查德森的话反映出，美国想要搅局南海，这将导致该地区局势进一步恶化。
澳大利亚《悉尼先驱晨报》引述理查德森的话说，“我认为每个国家都必须评估当前形势和他们自己的（应对）方法。某些时候，海军应该展开行动，他们的存在就是给自己国家的领导层提供选择。”他提到，澳大利亚和印尼都是以规则为基础的国际秩序的坚定支持者，“在这两个国家那里，我们可以看到一起合作、一起演习的机会，这也是我们一直从这两个国家海军那里寻求的东西”，鼓动这两个国家在南海争议海域加大巡逻力度。不过，理查德森一边暗示东南亚国家应该采取行动，监视“该地区超级大国”，一边又假惺惺地称，“这些国家如何选择是他们自己的主权事务。”
《每日快报》称，美国两艘军舰本月初在实施所谓的“航行自由”行动时，再度擅闯中国南沙群岛南薰礁和赤瓜礁邻近海域惹怒中国。美国一直希望澳大利亚也展开类似行动，认为有关行动是对中国“扩张主义”发出的重要挑战，但截至目前，莫里森政府拒绝这样做。理查德森坚称有关行动“不是挑衅”，而是美国支持基于规则的国际秩序的表现。据法新社16日报道，理查德森15日还在新加坡表示，他不希望美国在南海的航行受到媒体及北京过多关注。
中国军事问题专家李杰17日接受《环球时报》记者采访时表示，从理查德森的言论可以看出，美国的直接目的是想搅局南海，让该地区局势进一步恶化。美国公开或背地煽动澳大利亚等国介入南海事务，有利于其达到所谓的“自由航行”目的。海南师范大学菲律宾研究中心研究员刘锋17日也告诉《环球时报》记者，美军高官这一表态并不新鲜。美国唯恐南海不乱，拉帮结派挑动南海局势。他认为，美国拉拢印尼的想法很难行得通，因为印尼作为东南亚地区大国，致力于成为海洋强国，某种程度上反对域外大国干涉南海区域内事务。而澳大利亚作为美国的“跟班”，尽管美国可以施加影响，但澳大利亚毕竟属于南海域外国家，影响力也较为有限。“所以美国想拉拢澳大利亚介入南海，总体上掀不起什么大浪。”
李杰认为，中国一定要加强和南海周边国家以及域外国家的沟通交流，揭穿美国的阴谋。必须强调的是，中国从未妨碍过任何国家在南海地区的自由航行，同时也坚决反对扰乱南海局势的做法。而且，南海地区事务应该由当事方协商解决，包括美国在内的域外国家无权插手，更不应煽动他国介入，否则只会导致形势更加严峻复杂。
据美国媒体报道，理查德森虽然职位为海军作战部长，但并无对海军的作战指挥权。他本月访问印度期间，曾会见印度海军司令兰巴。尽管印度海军发表的声明称，理查德森此访意在进一步加强印美海军关系，但不少印度媒体不约而同地将他的访问解读为“游说印度加入美国遏制中国的行列。”
关键字 : 南海美军东南亚
The United States gangs to provoke the situation in the South China Sea. Experts: What big waves can't afford?
The United States gangs to provoke the situation in the South China Sea. Experts: What big waves can't afford?
46
Seventy years of hard work! Reviewing the spectacular scene of the Chinese navy's Nanhai parade 1/11
View original image gallery mode
70 years ago, the People's Navy was announced at the White Horse Temple in Taizhou, Jiangsu Province. In the past 70 years, the People’s Navy has grown up in the artillery fire, growing in development, and moving towards the goal of building a world-class navy, swaying into the dark blue! At the moment of the Navy’s parade today, we may wish to review the spectacular scene of the South China Sea parade.
[Global Times in the United States, India special correspondent Wen Yan Hu Bofeng Global Times reporter Xing Xiaotong Wang Huicong] "Every Southeast Asian country needs to decide how to respond to China's military expansion." According to the British "Daily Express" reported on the 17th, just ended US Naval Operations Minister John Richardson, who visited Japan, India and Singapore, told the media on Thursday that the United States hopes that the Australian and Indonesian navies will increase their presence in the disputed waters of the South China Sea. When asked if Australia, Indonesia and other countries in the region should carry out "free navigation" to challenge China's sovereign voice, Richardson declared that "it should be said that action should be taken." Chinese military expert Li Jie accepted on the 17th The Global Times reporter said in an interview that Richardson’s words reflected that the United States wanted to spoil the South China Sea, which would lead to further deterioration of the situation in the region.
The Australian "Sydney Morning Herald" quoted Richardson as saying, "I think every country must assess the current situation and their own (response) methods. Sometimes the Navy should act, their existence is to their own country. The leadership provides choice.” He mentioned that Australia and Indonesia are staunch supporters of a rule-based international order. “In these two countries, we can see opportunities to work together and exercise together. This is also What we have been seeking from the navies of these two countries" has encouraged these two countries to increase their patrols in the disputed waters of the South China Sea. However, Richardson hinted that Southeast Asian countries should take action to monitor “superpowers in the region” and falsely say, “How these countries choose to be their own sovereignty.”
The Daily Express said that when the two US warships implemented the so-called "freedom of navigation" action earlier this month, they again ransacked China in the waters adjacent to the South Scuba Reef and the Chigua Reef in the Nansha Islands of China. The United States has always hoped that Australia will launch similar actions and believe that the action is an important challenge to China's "expansionism", but as of now, the Morrison government has refused to do so. Richardson insists that the action is "not a provocation," but that the United States supports the performance of a rules-based international order. According to Agence France-Presse reported on the 16th, Richardson said in Singapore on the 15th that he did not want the US navigation in the South China Sea to be too concerned by the media and Beijing.
Chinese military expert Li Jie said in an interview with the Global Times on the 17th that Richardson’s remarks can be seen that the direct purpose of the United States is to spoil the South China Sea and further aggravate the situation in the region. The United States has publicly or arbitrarily incited Australia and other countries to intervene in the South China Sea affairs, which is conducive to its goal of so-called "free navigation." Liu Feng, a researcher at the Philippines Research Center of Hainan Normal University, also told the Global Times reporter on the 17th that the US military officials are not new. The United States is afraid that the South China Sea will not be chaotic, and the gang will provoke the situation in the South China Sea. He believes that the idea of the United States to win over Indonesia is difficult to work, because Indonesia, as a big country in Southeast Asia, is committed to becoming a maritime power, and to some extent, it opposes foreign countries to interfere in the affairs of the South China Sea. Australia, as the "follow-up" of the United States, although the United States can exert influence, Australia is a country outside the South China Sea, and its influence is relatively limited. "So the United States wants to pull Australia into the South China Sea and generally can't afford any big waves."
Li Jie believes that China must strengthen communication with the countries surrounding the South China Sea and countries outside the country and expose the US conspiracy. It must be emphasized that China has never hindered the free navigation of any country in the South China Sea, and it is also firmly opposed to the practice of disrupting the situation in the South China Sea. Moreover, the affairs of the South China Sea should be resolved through consultations between the parties. Extraterritorial countries, including the United States, have no right to intervene, and should not incite other countries to intervene. Otherwise, the situation will be more severe and complicated.
According to US media reports, although Richardson is a naval operations minister, he has no operational command over the navy. During his visit to India this month, he met with Indian Navy Commander Ramba. Although the Indian Navy issued a statement saying that Richardson’s visit was intended to further strengthen the Indian-US naval relationship, many Indian media unanimously interpreted his visit as “ lobbying India to join the United States to contain China.”
Keywords : South China Sea US Southeast Asia
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2019-05-18/doc-ihvhiews2768938.shtml
美国拉帮结派挑动南海局势 专家：掀不起什么大浪
美国拉帮结派挑动南海局势 专家：掀不起什么大浪
46
七十年风雨兼程！回顾中国海军南海大阅兵壮观景象1/11
查看原图图集模式
70年前，人民海军在江苏泰州白马庙宣告诞生。70年来，人民海军在炮火中成长、在发展中壮大，朝着世界一流海军的建设目标，劈波斩浪，驶向深蓝！在今天举行海军节阅兵的时刻，我们不妨先回顾一下南海大阅兵壮观景象。
[环球时报驻美国、印度特约特派记者 温燕 胡博峰 环球时报记者 邢晓婧 王会聪]“每个东南亚国家都需要决定如何对中国的军事扩张进行回应。”据英国《每日快报》17日报道，刚刚结束对日本、印度和新加坡访问的美国海军作战部长约翰·理查德森当地时间周四对媒体表示，美国希望澳大利亚和印尼海军增加在南海争议海域的存在。当被问及澳大利亚、印尼和该地区其他国家是否应该开展“自由航行”以挑战中国的主权声索时，理查德森宣称，“按说应该开展行动。”中国军事问题专家李杰17日接受《环球时报》记者采访时表示，理查德森的话反映出，美国想要搅局南海，这将导致该地区局势进一步恶化。
澳大利亚《悉尼先驱晨报》引述理查德森的话说，“我认为每个国家都必须评估当前形势和他们自己的（应对）方法。某些时候，海军应该展开行动，他们的存在就是给自己国家的领导层提供选择。”他提到，澳大利亚和印尼都是以规则为基础的国际秩序的坚定支持者，“在这两个国家那里，我们可以看到一起合作、一起演习的机会，这也是我们一直从这两个国家海军那里寻求的东西”，鼓动这两个国家在南海争议海域加大巡逻力度。不过，理查德森一边暗示东南亚国家应该采取行动，监视“该地区超级大国”，一边又假惺惺地称，“这些国家如何选择是他们自己的主权事务。”
《每日快报》称，美国两艘军舰本月初在实施所谓的“航行自由”行动时，再度擅闯中国南沙群岛南薰礁和赤瓜礁邻近海域惹怒中国。美国一直希望澳大利亚也展开类似行动，认为有关行动是对中国“扩张主义”发出的重要挑战，但截至目前，莫里森政府拒绝这样做。理查德森坚称有关行动“不是挑衅”，而是美国支持基于规则的国际秩序的表现。据法新社16日报道，理查德森15日还在新加坡表示，他不希望美国在南海的航行受到媒体及北京过多关注。
中国军事问题专家李杰17日接受《环球时报》记者采访时表示，从理查德森的言论可以看出，美国的直接目的是想搅局南海，让该地区局势进一步恶化。美国公开或背地煽动澳大利亚等国介入南海事务，有利于其达到所谓的“自由航行”目的。海南师范大学菲律宾研究中心研究员刘锋17日也告诉《环球时报》记者，美军高官这一表态并不新鲜。美国唯恐南海不乱，拉帮结派挑动南海局势。他认为，美国拉拢印尼的想法很难行得通，因为印尼作为东南亚地区大国，致力于成为海洋强国，某种程度上反对域外大国干涉南海区域内事务。而澳大利亚作为美国的“跟班”，尽管美国可以施加影响，但澳大利亚毕竟属于南海域外国家，影响力也较为有限。“所以美国想拉拢澳大利亚介入南海，总体上掀不起什么大浪。”
李杰认为，中国一定要加强和南海周边国家以及域外国家的沟通交流，揭穿美国的阴谋。必须强调的是，中国从未妨碍过任何国家在南海地区的自由航行，同时也坚决反对扰乱南海局势的做法。而且，南海地区事务应该由当事方协商解决，包括美国在内的域外国家无权插手，更不应煽动他国介入，否则只会导致形势更加严峻复杂。
据美国媒体报道，理查德森虽然职位为海军作战部长，但并无对海军的作战指挥权。他本月访问印度期间，曾会见印度海军司令兰巴。尽管印度海军发表的声明称，理查德森此访意在进一步加强印美海军关系，但不少印度媒体不约而同地将他的访问解读为“游说印度加入美国遏制中国的行列。”
关键字 : 南海美军东南亚
The United States gangs to provoke the situation in the South China Sea. Experts: What big waves can't afford?
The United States gangs to provoke the situation in the South China Sea. Experts: What big waves can't afford?
46
Seventy years of hard work! Reviewing the spectacular scene of the Chinese navy's Nanhai parade 1/11
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70 years ago, the People's Navy was announced at the White Horse Temple in Taizhou, Jiangsu Province. In the past 70 years, the People’s Navy has grown up in the artillery fire, growing in development, and moving towards the goal of building a world-class navy, swaying into the dark blue! At the moment of the Navy’s parade today, we may wish to review the spectacular scene of the South China Sea parade.
[Global Times in the United States, India special correspondent Wen Yan Hu Bofeng Global Times reporter Xing Xiaotong Wang Huicong] "Every Southeast Asian country needs to decide how to respond to China's military expansion." According to the British "Daily Express" reported on the 17th, just ended US Naval Operations Minister John Richardson, who visited Japan, India and Singapore, told the media on Thursday that the United States hopes that the Australian and Indonesian navies will increase their presence in the disputed waters of the South China Sea. When asked if Australia, Indonesia and other countries in the region should carry out "free navigation" to challenge China's sovereign voice, Richardson declared that "it should be said that action should be taken." Chinese military expert Li Jie accepted on the 17th The Global Times reporter said in an interview that Richardson’s words reflected that the United States wanted to spoil the South China Sea, which would lead to further deterioration of the situation in the region.
The Australian "Sydney Morning Herald" quoted Richardson as saying, "I think every country must assess the current situation and their own (response) methods. Sometimes the Navy should act, their existence is to their own country. The leadership provides choice.” He mentioned that Australia and Indonesia are staunch supporters of a rule-based international order. “In these two countries, we can see opportunities to work together and exercise together. This is also What we have been seeking from the navies of these two countries" has encouraged these two countries to increase their patrols in the disputed waters of the South China Sea. However, Richardson hinted that Southeast Asian countries should take action to monitor “superpowers in the region” and falsely say, “How these countries choose to be their own sovereignty.”
The Daily Express said that when the two US warships implemented the so-called "freedom of navigation" action earlier this month, they again ransacked China in the waters adjacent to the South Scuba Reef and the Chigua Reef in the Nansha Islands of China. The United States has always hoped that Australia will launch similar actions and believe that the action is an important challenge to China's "expansionism", but as of now, the Morrison government has refused to do so. Richardson insists that the action is "not a provocation," but that the United States supports the performance of a rules-based international order. According to Agence France-Presse reported on the 16th, Richardson said in Singapore on the 15th that he did not want the US navigation in the South China Sea to be too concerned by the media and Beijing.
Chinese military expert Li Jie said in an interview with the Global Times on the 17th that Richardson’s remarks can be seen that the direct purpose of the United States is to spoil the South China Sea and further aggravate the situation in the region. The United States has publicly or arbitrarily incited Australia and other countries to intervene in the South China Sea affairs, which is conducive to its goal of so-called "free navigation." Liu Feng, a researcher at the Philippines Research Center of Hainan Normal University, also told the Global Times reporter on the 17th that the US military officials are not new. The United States is afraid that the South China Sea will not be chaotic, and the gang will provoke the situation in the South China Sea. He believes that the idea of the United States to win over Indonesia is difficult to work, because Indonesia, as a big country in Southeast Asia, is committed to becoming a maritime power, and to some extent, it opposes foreign countries to interfere in the affairs of the South China Sea. Australia, as the "follow-up" of the United States, although the United States can exert influence, Australia is a country outside the South China Sea, and its influence is relatively limited. "So the United States wants to pull Australia into the South China Sea and generally can't afford any big waves."
Li Jie believes that China must strengthen communication with the countries surrounding the South China Sea and countries outside the country and expose the US conspiracy. It must be emphasized that China has never hindered the free navigation of any country in the South China Sea, and it is also firmly opposed to the practice of disrupting the situation in the South China Sea. Moreover, the affairs of the South China Sea should be resolved through consultations between the parties. Extraterritorial countries, including the United States, have no right to intervene, and should not incite other countries to intervene. Otherwise, the situation will be more severe and complicated.
According to US media reports, although Richardson is a naval operations minister, he has no operational command over the navy. During his visit to India this month, he met with Indian Navy Commander Ramba. Although the Indian Navy issued a statement saying that Richardson’s visit was intended to further strengthen the Indian-US naval relationship, many Indian media unanimously interpreted his visit as “ lobbying India to join the United States to contain China.”
Keywords : South China Sea US Southeast Asia
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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1990年11月8日，由于外交斡旋的毫无进展。美国总统布什宣布开始第二阶段战略投送。这波战略投送的主力，是当时身处德国“前线”的美第7集团军的剩余部分，该集团军由美第1、第3装甲师，第1骑兵师三个装甲师和第1步兵师、第2装甲骑兵团两个重型步兵单位组成。由于该集团军中第3装甲师和第1骑兵师作为先头部队已经在1990年8月开始陆续运抵沙特。所以第二阶段的兵力输送持续时间并不算太久——至两个月零9天后的1991年1月17日，美第7集团军基本完成了在沙伊边境的集结，随时准备跨国边境直捣巴格达。
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纵观整个沙漠盾牌行动以及沙漠风暴行动的前期集结部分，美军大约在5个月的时间内向6700海里外（从德国北海岸到沙特东海岸）的战区投送了4个轻型步兵师、1个重型步兵师和3.5个装甲师的兵力。这一速度不可谓不快，但是想要以这样的战略转移速度去“武装干涉”中国的统一战争，恐怕还力有未逮。
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
In the previous "Sheathing", we briefly introduced the amphibious landing capability of our military martial arts in Taiwan. In the comments section of the commentary, many netizens raised questions about the US military's interference in the martial arts war. Even many netizens believe that if the US military decides to directly interfere in the martial law war, then our army's actions will be greatly hindered and even unable to complete the established war goals. This statement actually represents the anxiety of a large number of netizens. So in this issue, let’s talk about the possibility of the US military interfering with the martial law war.
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I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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In fact, not only Chinese military fans, but also the top ranks of the Taiwan military, the Taiwan authorities, and even the US military and the US government. The general public down to the relevant parties believe that the United States is unlikely to stand by and watch the war in the Taiwan Strait. The only question is, if the United States wants to interfere, what kind of interference will be used, and the effect of interference will be. On this issue, I believe that there will be a thousand answers in the hearts of a thousand people.
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I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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Since the 1990s, China's Internet industry has entered a period of rapid development. Various military information at home and abroad has spread rapidly through the efficient dissemination channel of the Internet, and has penetrated into all corners including Internet media and traditional paper media. Also during this period, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States ushered in another round of rapid development after the Plaza Agreement. Along with the rapid expansion of national power, the US military has been victorious since the 1990s. Over time, the US military has become synonymous with the "unbeatable" of the Chinese military fan's subconscious.
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However, in the actual study of the US military's war cases since the 1990s, it is not difficult to find that these war cases have their own uniqueness and it is difficult to successfully replicate on other battlefields. Take the Kosovo War, the Iraq War, the Afghanistan War, and the Libyan War as examples. The military strength and fighting will of these belligerents are far from the US military. These countries also have serious internal problems. In many cases, the local civilians in the belligerent countries are welcoming the US military with a "welcome of the king." The two phases are superimposed, and it is not surprising that the US military is invincible.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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In contrast, Iraq in the Gulf War was the closest military power to the United States since the 1990s (although it was still a hundred thousand miles), and Saddam Hussein’s war between Iran and Iraq. Yu Wei of the "Great Victory" has just completed the "opening up the territory" to the south, and the military front is flourishing. And the relative unity within Iraq. This also made Iraq in the Gulf War one of the most difficult opponents of the US foreign wars in these decades.
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The reason why the US military can defeat Saddam in the Gulf War is that apart from the weapon generation and the gap between the US and Iraqi military literacy, the biggest advantage of Americans is that they have Saudi Arabia, an ally that directly borders Iraq. . This means that the US military does not need to go directly to the battle after reaching the theater, but has plenty of time to assemble and retreat in the "advance base" of Saudi Arabia.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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Although most of the reasons for the victory of the Gulf War multinational force on the Internet are now attributed to the highly successful air strikes of the multinational forces, we must not lose sight of the fact that when we study history, Kuwait is the US Marine Corps and not the United States. When the Air Force was liberated, Saddam’s elite troops were defeated by the ground-based assault of the 7th Heavy Army of the United States, rather than the indiscriminate bombing of the Air Force. We can't assume that the auxiliary factors of air strikes and firepower cover the whole picture of "modern war".
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According to a public report by the US military, since the fifth day of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, that is, on August 7, 1990, the US military began a strategic shift to Saudi Arabia. Among them, the US military's combat personnel mainly arrived in Saudi Arabia on the flight of major US airlines. Other large-scale military materials, such as heavy weapons required by combat troops, are mainly transported by sea to Saudi Arabia.
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Due to the difficulty of transportation and the high degree of mobilization of domestic airlines, by November 1990, the 18th Airborne Group Army consisting of the US 101st Airborne Division, 82 Airborne Division and the French 6th Light Infantry Division, the US Marines Most of the headquarters and the vanguard of the US 7th Army have been assembled at the Shako border, which basically ensures the safety of Saudi Arabia. The US military will naturally not be stupid enough to use the light infantry with only the Hummer to go with the support of a small number of armored units and the heavy armored units of the Iraqi army. Therefore, as long as the Iraqis do not make up their minds to attack Saudi Arabia, the role of this group of US troops is limited to "maintaining existence."
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On November 8, 1990, there was no progress due to diplomatic mediation. US President Bush announced the start of the second phase of strategic delivery. The main force of this wave of strategic delivery was the remainder of the US 7th Army, which was at the "front line" of Germany. The group was led by the US 1st and 3rd Armored Divisions, the 1st Cavalry Division, the 3rd Armored Division and the 1st Infantry Division. The 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment consists of two heavy infantry units. Since the 3rd Armored Division and the 1st Cavalry Division of the group army as the leading troops have already arrived in Saudi Arabia in August 1990. Therefore, the duration of the second phase of the force transmission is not too long - until two months and nine days later, on January 17, 1991, the US 7th Army basically completed the assembly at the Shayi border, ready to cross the border straight.捣 Baghdad.
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Throughout the Desert Shield Operation and the early assembly of the Desert Storm Operation, the US Army moved to 6,700 nautical miles in about five months (from the German North Coast to Saudi East).
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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在之前的《出鞘》中，我们简单介绍了我军武统台湾时的两栖登陆能力。在那一期的评论区留言中，有不少网友提出了有关于美军干涉武统战争的问题。甚至有不少网友认为如果美军决定直接干涉武统战争，那么我军的行动将受到巨大的阻力，甚至无法完成既定的战争目标。这种说法其实也代表了一大部分网友的忧虑。那么本期我们就来谈一谈，美军干涉武统战争的可能性。
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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- 其实不光是中国军迷，上至台军高层、台当局甚至美军、美国政府内部，下至相关各方的一般民众都认为一旦台海发生战争，美国不太可能袖手旁观。而唯一的问题在于，如果美国要干涉，会用什么方式干涉，干涉的效果会如何。而关于这一问题，相信在一千个人心中会有一千个答案。
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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- 从上世纪90年代开始，我国互联网行业进入了高速发展期。国内外的各种军事信息借助互联网这一高效传播渠道飞速扩散，并渗入到了包括互联网媒体和传统纸质媒体的各个角落。同样是在这一时期，随着苏联的解体，美国迎来了广场协议后的又一轮高速发展。伴随着国力的迅速扩张，90年代以来的美军敢战亦常胜。久而久之，美军成为了中国军迷潜意识里“不可战胜”的代名词。
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- 但实际研究美军90年代以来的战例，我们不难发现这些战例都有自身的独特性，很难在其他战场上成功复制。以科索沃战争、伊拉克战争、阿富汗战争、利比亚战争为例，这些交战国的军力水平，战斗意志均与美军相去甚远，这些国家自身也存在着严重的内部问题。在很多时候，交战国当地的平民是抱着一种“喜迎王师”的态度去欢迎美军的。两相叠加，美军所向披靡自然不足为奇。
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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- 根据美国军队的公开报告，自伊拉克入侵科威特的第五天，也就是1990年8月7日起，美军就开始了向沙特阿拉伯的战略转移。其中，美军的作战人员主要乘坐美国各大航空公司的班机抵达沙特。而作战部队所需的重型武器等其他大件军用物资则主要通过海运的方式运往沙特。
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- 由于运输难度较小且国内航空公司的动员程度较高，至1990年11月，由美第101空降师、82空降师和法第6轻型步兵师组成的多国部队第18空降集团军，美海军陆战司令部中的大部就和美第7集团军的先头部队已经在沙科边境集结完毕，这基本确保了沙特的安全。美军自然不会蠢到用只有悍马车的轻步兵去在少量装甲部队的支援下去和伊军的重装甲部队去硬碰硬。所以只要伊拉克人没有下定决心进攻沙特，这一批美军的作用也仅限于“维持存在”而已。
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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1990年11月8日，由于外交斡旋的毫无进展。美国总统布什宣布开始第二阶段战略投送。这波战略投送的主力，是当时身处德国“前线”的美第7集团军的剩余部分，该集团军由美第1、第3装甲师，第1骑兵师三个装甲师和第1步兵师、第2装甲骑兵团两个重型步兵单位组成。由于该集团军中第3装甲师和第1骑兵师作为先头部队已经在1990年8月开始陆续运抵沙特。所以第二阶段的兵力输送持续时间并不算太久——至两个月零9天后的1991年1月17日，美第7集团军基本完成了在沙伊边境的集结，随时准备跨国边境直捣巴格达。
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
纵观整个沙漠盾牌行动以及沙漠风暴行动的前期集结部分，美军大约在5个月的时间内向6700海里外（从德国北海岸到沙特东海岸）的战区投送了4个轻型步兵师、1个重型步兵师和3.5个装甲师的兵力。这一速度不可谓不快，但是想要以这样的战略转移速度去“武装干涉”中国的统一战争，恐怕还力有未逮。
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
- 从编制上来看，目前驻韩美军地面部队主要由一个装甲旅战斗队、一个航空旅和一个野战炮兵旅组成。除装甲旅外，另外两个旅均为辅助兵种，作战能力极为有限；而驻日美军则主要是海军、空军的单位，并无成建制的地面部队存在。换句话说，仅凭目前驻韩、驻日美军地面部队的规模来看，哪怕其能够先解放军一步上岛协防台军，也并无太大意义，顶多就是美国国内会多几百个工作岗位来赶工几千口棺材和几千面美国国旗而已。
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
阎王来了也不怕！美军有帮台军“以武拒统”的实力吗
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
Http://slide.mil.news.sina.com.cn/l/slide_8_62085_71977.html#p=1
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
In the previous "Sheathing", we briefly introduced the amphibious landing capability of our military martial arts in Taiwan. In the comments section of the commentary, many netizens raised questions about the US military's interference in the martial arts war. Even many netizens believe that if the US military decides to directly interfere in the martial law war, then our army's actions will be greatly hindered and even unable to complete the established war goals. This statement actually represents the anxiety of a large number of netizens. So in this issue, let’s talk about the possibility of the US military interfering with the martial law war.
Http://slide.mil.news.sina.com.cn/l/slide_8_62085_71977.html#p=2
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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In fact, not only Chinese military fans, but also the top ranks of the Taiwan military, the Taiwan authorities, and even the US military and the US government. The general public down to the relevant parties believe that the United States is unlikely to stand by and watch the war in the Taiwan Strait. The only question is, if the United States wants to interfere, what kind of interference will be used, and the effect of interference will be. On this issue, I believe that there will be a thousand answers in the hearts of a thousand people.
Http://slide.mil.news.sina.com.cn/l/slide_8_62085_71977.html#p=3
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
Since the 1990s, China's Internet industry has entered a period of rapid development. Various military information at home and abroad has spread rapidly through the efficient dissemination channel of the Internet, and has penetrated into all corners including Internet media and traditional paper media. Also during this period, with the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States ushered in another round of rapid development after the Plaza Agreement. Along with the rapid expansion of national power, the US military has been victorious since the 1990s. Over time, the US military has become synonymous with the "unbeatable" of the Chinese military fan's subconscious.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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However, in the actual study of the US military's war cases since the 1990s, it is not difficult to find that these war cases have their own uniqueness and it is difficult to successfully replicate on other battlefields. Take the Kosovo War, the Iraq War, the Afghanistan War, and the Libyan War as examples. The military strength and fighting will of these belligerents are far from the US military. These countries also have serious internal problems. In many cases, the local civilians in the belligerent countries are welcoming the US military with a "welcome of the king." The two phases are superimposed, and it is not surprising that the US military is invincible.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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In contrast, Iraq in the Gulf War was the closest military power to the United States since the 1990s (although it was still a hundred thousand miles), and Saddam Hussein’s war between Iran and Iraq. Yu Wei of the "Great Victory" has just completed the "opening up the territory" to the south, and the military front is flourishing. And the relative unity within Iraq. This also made Iraq in the Gulf War one of the most difficult opponents of the US foreign wars in these decades.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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The reason why the US military can defeat Saddam in the Gulf War is that apart from the weapon generation and the gap between the US and Iraqi military literacy, the biggest advantage of Americans is that they have Saudi Arabia, an ally that directly borders Iraq. . This means that the US military does not need to go directly to the battle after reaching the theater, but has plenty of time to assemble and retreat in the "advance base" of Saudi Arabia.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
Although most of the reasons for the victory of the Gulf War multinational force on the Internet are now attributed to the highly successful air strikes of the multinational forces, we must not lose sight of the fact that when we study history, Kuwait is the US Marine Corps and not the United States. When the Air Force was liberated, Saddam’s elite troops were defeated by the ground-based assault of the 7th Heavy Army of the United States, rather than the indiscriminate bombing of the Air Force. We can't assume that the auxiliary factors of air strikes and firepower cover the whole picture of "modern war".
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
According to a public report by the US military, since the fifth day of Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, that is, on August 7, 1990, the US military began a strategic shift to Saudi Arabia. Among them, the US military's combat personnel mainly arrived in Saudi Arabia on the flight of major US airlines. Other large-scale military materials, such as heavy weapons required by combat troops, are mainly transported by sea to Saudi Arabia.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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Due to the difficulty of transportation and the high degree of mobilization of domestic airlines, by November 1990, the 18th Airborne Group Army consisting of the US 101st Airborne Division, 82 Airborne Division and the French 6th Light Infantry Division, the US Marines Most of the headquarters and the vanguard of the US 7th Army have been assembled at the Shako border, which basically ensures the safety of Saudi Arabia. The US military will naturally not be stupid enough to use the light infantry with only the Hummer to go with the support of a small number of armored units and the heavy armored units of the Iraqi army. Therefore, as long as the Iraqis do not make up their minds to attack Saudi Arabia, the role of this group of US troops is limited to "maintaining existence."
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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2019.05.17 18:06:11
On November 8, 1990, there was no progress due to diplomatic mediation. US President Bush announced the start of the second phase of strategic delivery. The main force of this wave of strategic delivery was the remainder of the US 7th Army, which was at the "front line" of Germany. The group was led by the US 1st and 3rd Armored Divisions, the 1st Cavalry Division, the 3rd Armored Division and the 1st Infantry Division. The 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment consists of two heavy infantry units. Since the 3rd Armored Division and the 1st Cavalry Division of the group army as the leading troops have already arrived in Saudi Arabia in August 1990. Therefore, the duration of the second phase of the force transmission is not too long - until two months and nine days later, on January 17, 1991, the US 7th Army basically completed the assembly at the Shayi border, ready to cross the border straight.捣 Baghdad.
I am not afraid of the king! Does the US military have the strength to help the Taiwan military "reject the martial law?"
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Throughout the Desert Shield Operation and the early assembly of the Desert Storm Operation, the US Army moved to 6,700 nautical miles in about five months (from the German North Coast to Saudi East).
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obviously you know jackshit about orbitals, gravity, satellites, and how they work.
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https://news.sina.com.cn/c/2019-05-19/doc-ihvhiews2913860.shtml
对不起 我们新中国就是要站着还把钱挣了
2019年05月19日 10:46 新浪新闻综合
4,871
视频-对不起！我们新中国就是要站着还把钱挣了
原标题：对不起，鄙人，新中国！
来源：共青团中央
近日，一则视频走红
网友纷纷表示
厉害、有意思、实在是高
究竟是什么视频
引得网友如此点赞
原来是网友 @一代笑神
针对当下中美贸易形势
借用电影《让子弹飞》的场景重新配音
制作了此视频
表明自己的态度
我就是想站着，还把钱挣了
全球最大消费市场，能不能挣钱
能挣，关上门 ！
最大工业制造国，能不能挣钱
能挣，跪着！
这个加上这个，能不能站着把钱挣了？
敢问九筒大哥何方神圣？
鄙人新中国！
看完视频，网友表示
高举自由贸易的大旗
综合自新浪微博网友留言、视频来源：西瓜视频@一代笑神
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中美经贸高级别磋商
对不起 我们新中国就是要站着还把钱挣了
2019年05月19日 10:46 新浪新闻综合
4,871
视频-对不起！我们新中国就是要站着还把钱挣了
原标题：对不起，鄙人，新中国！
来源：共青团中央
近日，一则视频走红
网友纷纷表示
厉害、有意思、实在是高
究竟是什么视频
引得网友如此点赞
原来是网友 @一代笑神
针对当下中美贸易形势
借用电影《让子弹飞》的场景重新配音
制作了此视频
表明自己的态度
我就是想站着，还把钱挣了
全球最大消费市场，能不能挣钱
能挣，关上门 ！
最大工业制造国，能不能挣钱
能挣，跪着！
这个加上这个，能不能站着把钱挣了？
敢问九筒大哥何方神圣？
鄙人新中国！
看完视频，网友表示
高举自由贸易的大旗
综合自新浪微博网友留言、视频来源：西瓜视频@一代笑神
点击进入专题：
中美经贸高级别磋商
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China just got to put gun barrel into Dotard's fucking mouth and make him pay back all the debts instantly!
Owe more than dozen trillions to China still Guai Lan? USA is nothing by a half dead bankrupted beggar, and Xijinping still fucking so kind don't finish them off and repossess all the RESOURCES starve them all dead? Waiting for fuck?
一定要全世界都搞清楚! 哪个才是他妈的抽要饭的!! 搞不清楚的一定要流血教训一番!
Owe more than dozen trillions to China still Guai Lan? USA is nothing by a half dead bankrupted beggar, and Xijinping still fucking so kind don't finish them off and repossess all the RESOURCES starve them all dead? Waiting for fuck?
一定要全世界都搞清楚! 哪个才是他妈的抽要饭的!! 搞不清楚的一定要流血教训一番!
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China just got to put gun barrel into Dotard's fucking mouth and make him pay back all the debts instantly!
Owe more than dozen trillions to China still Guai Lan? USA is nothing by a half dead bankrupted beggar, and Xijinping still fucking so kind don't finish them off and repossess all the RESOURCES starve them all dead? Waiting for fuck?
Money no probm for US lah. Just keep printing will do.
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