Singapore
The Big Read: Some men just don’t get it — more awareness but abuse of women in S’pore still a problem
Despite greater recognition from the Government on the broader issue of violence against women, there is still a long way to go at a societal and policy level, and in helping victims break free.
Woman lying in silence. (Photo: Unsplash/MMPR)
By Janice Lim
02 Apr 2019 06:50AM(Updated: 02 Apr 2019 08:12AM)
SINGAPORE: It was just a S$2.50 meal. Even then, Wendy (not her real name) had to get permission from her then-boyfriend to buy it.
And no, it wasn’t because Wendy was financially dependent on him — she graduated from Nanyang Technological University and was a former top banker before starting a business with her ex.
It was punishment for not being capable enough to generate more sales for the company. Or so, she was told.
What Wendy didn’t realise then was that she was being psychologically abused by her boyfriend, until her friend pointed it out to her.
He told me, ‘I trusted you with all these business leads and you didn’t deliver.’ It’s the slow chipping of your mind, it starts getting very messed up. You think, ‘maybe I’m really that bad'.
In another case three years ago, Afiqah’s then-boyfriend saw some old Facebook messages she sent to her previous lover.
The boyfriend flew into a jealous rage and threatened her with a knife. Afiqah, who did not want to reveal her full name, was three months’ pregnant at that time.
“He said to me, ‘I will make sure I end your life’,” said the 23-year-old.
Both Wendy and Afiqah are among the growing number of unmarried women who have been abused by their close partners.
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They were frustrated with the lack of avenues they had to protect themselves even when they approached law enforcement agencies.
Wendy said she was told by the police that she couldn’t file a restraining order because she wasn’t married.
While Afiqah was able to file for a Personal Protection Order (PPO) for her daughter after she left her abusive ex, she is unable to get one herself because she wasn’t able to produce a marriage certificate.
Filing for a PPO is one way abuse victims can seek protection. Their abusers cannot use any form of violence — whether physical or emotional — against them once a PPO has been granted by the court. However, it only applies to family members.
This is partly why, after leaving the relationship two years ago, Afiqah said she still has nightmares and sometimes fear that he might hurt her again.
A woman bows her head in pain. (Photo: Unsplash/Volkan Olmez)
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help for victims like Afiqah and Wendy could be on the way with legal changes to be tabled in Parliament “in the next few months”, said Law and Home Affairs Minister K Shanmugam about a month ago.
The proposed changes to the Protection from Harassment Act (POHA) will make it easier for both married and unmarried victims to seek legal protection.
The changes include setting up a new Protection from Harassment Court, quicker applications for a Protection Order, expanding the coverage of such orders to include the victim’s parents and children, as well as allowing arrests to be made without a warrant when perpetrators breach the Protection Order.
While still small, the number of casework involving dating violence has gone up from 6 to 17 between the financial years of 2015 and 2017, according to family violence specialist centre Pave.
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Last week, the Association of Women for Action and Research (Aware) revealed that it received over 4,000 calls to its Women’s Helpline last year, a 32 per cent increase from the year before.
The not-for-profit organisation, which advocates for gender equality and provides critical support services for women in Singapore, tends to field an average of 3,000 calls yearly.
STATS 'DON'T SHOW THE FULL PICTURE'
The number of PPOs filed averaged around 2,768 cases each year over the last five years, according to statistics from the Family Justice Courts.
There were over 2,500 PPOs filed in 2008, increasing to over 3,100 in 2013 before gradually declining to almost 2,500 last year.
While the overall figures do move up and down over the years, the percentage of applicants that are women has consistently been at around 70 per cent.
Though unmarried victims are not able to apply for PPO, they will be able to file for a Protection Order under POHA.
Abusers served with the Protection Order cannot threaten, stalk or harass their victims. If found to have breached conditions, they can be fined or jailed.
However, there is no available data from the State Courts on the number of Protection Orders filed as a result of intimate partner violence, since POHA also covers other forms of harassment, such as those occurring in the workplace.
According to family violence specialist centre Trans Safe, the number of cases it handles involving relationship abuse has also fluctuated over the past decade.
When both physical and psychological abuses were included, the centre saw 54 such cases in 2008, 172 in 2013 and 102 last year.
(File photo: AP)
As for Pave, the numbers have stayed quite consistent, with about 175 in 2008, and 184 in 2013 and 2018.
However, social workers have said that it is difficult to draw a “substantive conclusion” just from the numbers alone, as it is mostly a function of reporting.
Similarly, an increase in reporting may not necessarily mean that there is an increase in the incidence of violence but could be a reflection of better access to social and legal support.
Ms Anisha Joseph, head of care services at Aware, said that the declining number of PPOs could also be a result of women not wishing to apply for them out of fear of being seen as the one who “broke up the family”, or out of fear of their abusive partners.
“We need to triangulate more data like (police) statistics, statistics from family violence specialist centres, family service centres, hospitals, educational institutions and even public surveys to understand the true landscape of incidences of violence and trends of reporting or seeking legal remedies,” she added.
Pave’s vice-president Alan John also said that the general view it takes is that those who come forward and report their abuse represent “a fraction of those who are actually experiencing it” and that there are probably many other victims who are still suffering in silence.
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'HE DIDN’T HIT ME’
Beyond the numbers, social workers and lawyers also said that they see a growing number of cases involving psychological and emotional abuse, compared with the past where physical violence was predominant.
In fact, for family lawyer Gloria James-Civetta, she is seeing fewer cases involving physical violence.
“Ten years ago, I did not have a client who came to me and said, ‘my husband is a narcissist’. It was straightforward domestic violence. Now women are reading about it (psychological abuse) and becoming more aware,” said the head lawyer for Gloria James-Civetta and Co.
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Psychological abuse can take the form of hurling of vulgarities, constant criticisms or the use of demeaning words towards one’s partner. Issuing threats, constantly surveilling one’s partner and isolation from other friends and family also constitute psychological abuse.
Ultimately, abusers want to exert dominance and have power and control in a relationship, be it through physical or psychological means, social workers say.
Whenever Nina (not her real name) told her husband about a job she was interested in applying for, he would always tell her that the working hours were too long and she wouldn’t have time for their daughter. He would also constantly mock her and criticise her whenever they have disagreements.
“Everytime he brought up our daughter, I would give in. I would feel so guilty, that I’m not a good mother,” said the Singaporean permanent resident who is from China.
Nina quit her job when she moved over to Singapore to be with her husband, also from China, and who is working as a doctor in Singapore.
When her husband decided to divorce her and not provide any allowance for her and her daughter’s daily expenses, she filed for a maintenance order.
That however sent her husband into a blind rage and he attacked her in their matrimonial home, resulting in her falling onto the floor. He then hit her head against the floor repeatedly, causing it to bleed.
(Photo illustration: Ngau Kai Yan)
She has filed for a police report and a PPO.
Beyond the physical pain, Nina said her self-esteem has also taken a blow as friends have told her that she has changed and is no longer as self-confident as before.
Psychological abuse also increases the hold an abuser has over his victim. Afiqah said her ex-boyfriend did not allow her to return to her home and even took her phone away.
He also did not allow her to go to work, leading her to quit her job, nor have any friends.
Every single day, every hour, every second, I need to be with him. At first I thought it is because he cares for me and loves me. Now I realise, it is not, he was trying to control me.
Social workers stressed that it is wrong to perceive psychological abuse as a less extreme form of violence than physical abuse.
“Words have just as much of an impact as physical abuse,” said Ms Kanniga Gnanasekaran, senior social worker at SINDA Family Service Centre, which takes in cases from all ethnic communities in Singapore.
You’ll always feel you’re not good enough, you feel you’re the one in the wrong, and that’s what happens to victims all the time.
For Jane (not her real name), the shouting and put-downs she endured from her ex-husband were “far more damaging” than the instances where he grabbed and pushed her.
“It’s the way he looked at me, like ‘Oh my god, you are the scum of the earth and you look so stupid’. He would physically point a finger right up to my face, inches from my nose and go ‘Oh, look at you’,” said the 43-year-old, who has a law degree and has many years of experience working in the financial sector.
He made me think that there was something wrong with me. In any case, the only way I could defuse the situation was to agree and say ‘Yes it is me, you’re right. This is my fault’. It eroded my self-confidence and my self-worth.
Social workers said the increasing number of such cases being reported could be a result of greater awareness of what sort of behaviour constitute psychological abuse, not because such forms of abuse did not exist before.