Chitchat Opium and China Military threads

[LaoTze]

https://www.realclearpolitics.com/a..._still_building_aircraft_carriers_137747.html

As China's Military Masters Artificial Intelligence, Why Are We Still Building Aircraft Carriers?

By David Ignatius
August 08, 2018

ASPEN, Colorado -- Will the Pentagon, with its 30-year planning cycle for building ships, still be launching aircraft carriers in 2048 -- even though they're highly vulnerable to attack today?
That's an example of the military-modernization questions that kept nagging participants at last weekend's gathering of the Aspen Strategy Group, which annually brings together top-level current and former national-security officials, along with a few journalists, to discuss defense and foreign policy. This year's focus was on "Maintaining America's Edge" in the dawning era of high-tech combat, and the big takeaway was this: The future of warfare is now, and China is poised to dominate it.

Speakers at the conference described a new generation of combat systems, powered by artificial intelligence, cyberweapons and robots that can operate on land, sea and air. But America is still largely wedded to legacy weapons of the past -- superbly engineered (but super-expensive) aircraft carriers, bombers, fighter jets and submarines.
"We have a small number of exquisite, expensive, manned, hard-to-replace systems that would have been familiar to Dwight D. Eisenhower. They are being overtaken by advanced technology," argued Christian Brose, staff director of the Senate Armed Services Committee. Instead, he said, the Pentagon needs a large number of inexpensive, unmanned, expendable, autonomous systems that can survive in the new electronic battlespace and overwhelm any potential adversary.
"It is not that we lack money. It is that we are playing a losing game," Brose contended in a paper presented to the group. "Our competitors are now using advanced technologies to erode our military edge. This situation is becoming increasingly dire."

Future needs are being overwhelmed by past practices, because of what Brose's boss, Armed Services Committee Chairman Sen. John McCain, has called the "military-industrial-congressional complex." Brose calculates that in the Pentagon's initial request for $74 billion in new defense spending in fiscal 2019, only .006 percent was targeted for science and technology. The National Science Foundation estimates that in fiscal 2015, only 18 percent of the Pentagon's research and development budget went for basic, applied and advanced research. Major systems claimed 81 percent.
Even when the Pentagon tries to push innovation, it often stumbles. When Ashton Carter was defense secretary under President Obama, he created the Defense Innovation Unit -- Experimental, or DIUX, with offices in Silicon Valley, Boston and Austin. That operation thrived initially, negotiating 60 defense contracts with startups. The program has slowed under the Trump administration, despite support from Defense Secretary Jim Mattis, because it lacks funds and bureaucratic support, warned Christopher Kirchhoff, a former DIUX partner. If Mattis can appoint a strong new DIUX leader soon, maybe he can revive this innovation hub.
The biggest technological challenge discussed here was artificial intelligence. In a few years, these systems have taught themselves to play complex games like chess and Go better than humans, and to recognize voices and objects better, too. And soon, they will be driving the weapons of combat.
China appears determined to seize this AI "high ground" of future conflict. For the last two years, Chinese companies have won an AI competition for detecting objects. The Chinese are happy for the U.S. to keep building carriers and bombers, so long as they deploy the more advanced technologies that can disable these systems.

Richard Danzig, a former Navy secretary, published a brilliant paper discussed at the conference warning that as AI systems dominate warfare, they will "introduce important new risks of loss of control." Humans must be "maximally thoughtful and creative" during design (and plan for failure), because these AI-driven weapons will have accidents and unintended consequences. Wise policymakers must avoid a "Dr. Strangelove" world of unsafe killer robots and doomsday machines.
America's vulnerability to information warfare was a special topic of concern. One participant recalled a conversation several years ago with a Russian general who taunted him: "You have a cybercommand, but no information operations. Don't you know that information operations are how you take countries down?"
The Aspen Strategy Group is a devoutly bipartisan forum. But there was an intense discussion here of the issue that's vexing America this summer -- the growing political polarization that's creating so much discord that it's becoming a national-security problem.
As the gathering concluded Monday, Republicans and Democrats were equally passionate about spreading the message that this is a "Sputnik moment" for modernizing our military. Competing with a rising China begins at home, with a more nimble Pentagon and a country that's more united to face the big problems ahead.
(c) 2018, Washington Post Writers Group


WANG SUI WANG WANG SUI

 

[cunt_opener]

Mighty Incredible China want to CAPTURE A MINI PLANET from SPACE & ESCORT IT TO BEIJING to Show Off!

WHAT? Yes! Plug a fucking Star off the Sky and Bring it back to China! That's it!

Giant China will reach the Sky & Plug Off a Star and Bring Back Home! 巨人摘星!









http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-08-08/doc-ihhkuskt7846971.shtml


Chinese scientists plan to bring a hundred tons of asteroids back to Earth
August 18, 2018, 14:31 World Wide Web


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Take the stars and pick up the stars for you in nine days.
Editor's Guide
Recently, the team of researchers of the National Space Science Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Li Mingtao, combined with a number of superior units, proposed a bold space mission called “Stars and Nine Days”. It plans to capture a small object in outer space in the next 15-20 years. It safely passes through the dense atmosphere and landed on the unmanned area of the Earth's surface, hoping to turn the dream of humans picking stars into reality.
The news of this idea was widely reported by Xinhua News Agency and other media. This edition specially invites Professor Li Mingtao to write an article to introduce the reader to the specific content of this idea.

"Landing Stars and Nine Days" is a scientific exploration of small celestial bodies and development of small celestial mineral resources.
"Star picking" mission to overcome four key technologies
Everything is in the blue sky, and the people have always had the ambition to explore the universe. Scientific and technological progress has continuously challenged the limits, and human beings have achieved one after another innovations, creating unprecedented projects such as manned space flight, landing on the moon, and sampling and returning of extraterrestrial objects. Picking up the stars is no longer a mere fantasy, and it may become a new scientific reality in the near future.
Our proposed "Stars and Nine Days" program aims to scientifically explore small celestial bodies and develop small celestial mineral resources. Therefore, the "Stars and Nine Days" plan proposes to capture small celestial bodies as a whole on the surface of the earth, and then use the earth. Complete facilities for research and resource development of small celestial bodies.
Unlike previous experts and scholars who proposed to capture small celestial bodies into Earth orbit or Lagrangian orbits, the “Stars and Nine Days” program is the first space mission concept that proposes and scientifically demonstrates the capture of small celestial bodies onto the Earth's surface. Because of the need to match the orbital velocity, it takes more fuel to capture small objects into orbit. The “Stars and Nine Days” program uses natural atmospheric drag to slow down and control small celestial bodies to land at designated points on the surface of the Earth at a safe speed, which can effectively reduce the demand for fuel.
The core of the "Stars and Nine Days" program is to control the near-Earth small objects that pass the Earth, making the harming small objects into resources that humans can develop and utilize. Install the engine on the small celestial body, insert the flying "wings", control it safely into the earth's orbit; put a "wind-up" heat-proof deceleration "coat" on the small celestial body, and control the safe landing of the unmanned area, thus achieving the pick Star plan. One-time can return a hundred tons of small celestial bodies, which will subvert the current kilogram-level sampling return mode, greatly reduce the cost of returning the earth to the unit weight sample, and promote the development and utilization of large-scale space resources.
To transform the "Stars and Nine Days" plan from a mission concept into a reality, we need to overcome four key technologies.
Small size small celestial search discovery technology
Based on the current ground-based observation facilities, more than 90% of small objects with a diameter of more than 140 meters have been discovered. The "Stars and Nine Days" program is controlled by small celestial bodies with a diameter of 1-10 meters or ores of large celestial bodies. The search for small-sized small celestial bodies will provide more candidate targets for the “Stars and Nine Days” program, from which small celestial bodies with high scientific value and economic value can be selected as the control objects.
The concept of space missions for small celestial bodies such as NEOCam has been proposed internationally. The Qian Xuesen Space Technology Laboratory of China has proposed a heterogeneous satellite constellation for the survey of small-sized small celestial bodies.
The “Stars and Nine Days” team is also exploring new low-cost celestial census new concept technology solutions, which are expected to enable small-sized small celestial search and fine-spectrum measurements at the lowest possible cost.

Concept design of small celestial control platform (provided by Li Mingtao)
Small celestial manipulation task design technology
The design of the small celestial control task mainly solves the problems of capturing target selection, trajectory optimization and guidance, and overall task allocation.
In 2015-2017, the “Stars and Nine Days” team won the National Space Orbit Design Competition three times. Based on the accumulation of many years in the field of orbit optimization, the “Stars and Nine Days” team has initially overcome the design problem of small celestial control tasks, and found a small celestial body suitable for manipulation from the cataloged small celestial database.

2014 HB177 track schematic
2014 HB177 is a small celestial body about 6.4 meters in diameter. It was discovered by the Hawaiian Survey Telescope on April 29, 2014. 2014 HB177 is an Apollo-type near-Earth small object. The near-day point is about 15 million kilometers within the Earth's orbit. The astronomical point is about 50 million kilometers outside the Earth's orbit. The orbital inclination is about 3.5° relative to the ecliptic plane. The small celestial body will periodically cross the Earth's orbit, and the next time it will approach the Earth in 2034, it will be only about 200,000 kilometers away from the Earth. At present, the spectrum type of the celestial body is unknown, and the Russian small celestial body monitoring agency estimates that the small celestial body weighs about 385 tons.
After calculation and analysis, the Long March 5 launch vehicle was launched and launched in 2029. In 2034, hundreds of tons of 2014 HB177 small objects can be brought back to Earth.
Small celestial control platform design technology
The design of the small celestial control platform is undertaken by the Institute of Microsatellite Innovation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The control platform draws on the American Asteroid Reorientation (ARM) pocket capture mechanism. Upon reaching the small celestial body, the control platform will rotate to the same spin speed as the small celestial body, capture the small celestial body with a pocket-type catching mechanism, and then use the attitude control engine to eliminate the rotation of the small celestial body. In order to implement the orbit transfer, the control platform is equipped with a high-powered high-power Hall electric propulsion system.
Different from the ARM project in the United States, the “Stars and Nine Days” mission requires the installation of a new inflatable heat-resistant deceleration mechanism on the captured small celestial bodies, and ensuring that the mechanism can be deployed in the orbit. It is a key technology that needs to be considered in the design of the control platform.

Inflatable heat protection mechanism concept design drawing (provided by Li Mingtao)
Atmospheric entry and anti-heat reduction mechanism technology
Controlled atmosphere entry is the most essential difference between the “Stars and Nine Days” program and the US ARM project. The core challenge is how to manipulate small celestial bodies safely through the atmosphere and slow down to a safe landing speed.
The “Stars and Nine Days” team cooperated with the Beijing Institute of Space and Electromechanical Research of the China Academy of Space Technology to design a new inflatable and heat-resistant deceleration mechanism combining rigid and soft. The mechanism can adapt to the envelope of the Long March 5, fold the launch, inflating before returning, and providing a deceleration surface with a diameter of up to 20 meters. Secondly, the mechanism can realize the integration of heat prevention and deceleration functions, eliminating the need for special parachute and system. Third, the mechanism can decelerate at high altitude, and the heat flow is one order of magnitude lower than that of the traditional heat-preventing mechanism; finally, the head adopts a traditional heat-proof mechanism, which can adapt to the high-temperature ablation of the interplanetary return.
The “Stars and Nine Days” team has developed a three-step technical roadmap for the Star Search Program, the Star Control Program and the Star Selection Program. It is expected that the joint advantage unit will promote the project from mission concept to engineering project. Our analysis shows that the principle of small celestial manipulation is feasible and its economic and social benefits are significant.
Extended reading
American Asteroid Redirection Mission
In 2010, the United States announced that it will land in near-Earth asteroids in 2025. In 2011, the US Keck Space Research Center proposed the mission of capturing a near-Earth asteroid into the lunar orbit, and later evolved into the US Asteroid Reorientation Mission (ARM).
According to the 2016 news, NASA has unveiled a robotic spacecraft program for capturing asteroids. According to the plan, NASA will use this spacecraft to collect a huge rock on an asteroid in 2021 and pull it to the moon. In orbit, for astronauts to study and test deflection theory, or to conduct space training for simulated Mars missions.
The asteroid redirection mission consists of two parts—a robotic spacecraft and a manned spacecraft—and these two tasks help test NASA's key technologies for a Mars journey. The mission of the manned spacecraft is expected to be launched in 2026.
When the robotic spacecraft landed on the asteroid's surface, the spacecraft will pick up a rock a few meters in diameter. The spacecraft will then orbit the asteroid for about 400 days, a move designed to test a way to defend the planet from catastrophic asteroids: use the spacecraft's own gravitational field to subtly alter the orbit of the asteroid.
After collecting the rock from the asteroid, the robotic spacecraft will gradually change the direction of the boulder and pull it onto the lunar orbit. The traction process is expected to take six years, during which the lunar gravity will be used. NASA plans to use this boulder to launch a series of testing missions in the 2020s.
At Boulder, astronauts will be able to select, extract, collect, and return samples and perform test operations to validate the conceptual techniques required for a trip to Mars.
However, the 2017 ARM project was terminated. Although not implemented in the project, the ARM project scientifically carried out the small celestial manipulation task demonstration for the first time in human history.
Our proposed “Stars and Nine Days” program, which captures the unique mission objectives of small celestial bodies to the surface of the Earth, determines the significant differences between the key technologies, mission design, and control platform design.
Road to exploration
Small celestial sampling returns are expensive
The exploration of small celestial bodies is of great significance for studying the origin of the solar system, the source of water on the earth and the origin of life, while reducing the threat of near-Earth objects to the Earth. The United States, ESA and Japan are the first echelons in the field of small celestial bodies. In 2012, China launched the asteroid overfly detection test.
Small celestial bodies are divided into flying, landing, sampling return, impact, etc. The most difficult, most visible, and scientifically valuable detection method is to take samples from small celestial bodies and bring them back to Earth. Japan is the only country in the world that has successfully implemented a sample return from small celestial bodies.
The "ostrich" is a small celestial sampling return detector launched by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in 2003. After the engine failure, the failure of the launching robot, the loss of the ground, and the fuel leak, the "Xichuan" asteroid sample was brought back to Earth in 2010, which is the first time humans have collected material from an asteroid.

Samples of the "ostrich" sample under the microscope (photographed by researcher Wang Qiquan of the Chinese Academy of Sciences)
The ostrich has a total investment of 250 million US dollars, bringing back about 1500 physical particles of the earth. The size of a single particle is about one thousandth of a millimeter, and the average individual particle costs about 170,000 US dollars. The ongoing missions such as "ostrich II" and "OSIRIS-REx" are budgeted at hundreds of millions of dollars and the target sample weight is no more than 2 kilograms. The high cost of deep space sampling returns is evident.
Existing high-cost sampling and return schemes are difficult to adapt to the development needs of future space mining missions. In the era of space navigation for space mining, it is necessary to innovate the technical solutions for deep space sampling and return to reduce the cost of returning the earth per unit weight of samples.
Space mining
Opportunities brought by small celestial bodies
Small objects include comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and other interstellar matter. Comet is mainly composed of volatile substances such as ice and ammonia. When it is close to the sun, it will drag a long tail, also known as a broom star. The Royal Astronomical Society defines small objects between 100 and 10 meters in diameter as meteoroids. Smaller bodies of larger diameter are called asteroids, and smaller diameters are called interstellar dust.
Under the perturbation of the sun and the planet, the small celestial body will “derail” from one track to the other. For example, the gravitational pull of Mars will cause some of the main celestial bodies to "slam" the door to the vicinity of the Earth and become a small celestial body. Some scientists believe that the water on the earth and even the life are brought by the small celestial body "chain door", and even that it is the small celestial body "string door" that created the river of life of the earth.
Some small celestial bodies of the "gates" will visit the earth once every few years, and "pass by" the earth, and the nearest distance is even closer than the moon. In 2013, a small celestial body with a diameter of about 20 meters exploded at a high altitude in Chelyabinsk, Russia. The equivalent equivalent of about 30 Hiroshima atomic bombs caused nearly 1,500 injuries and damaged 3,000 houses, affecting three towns. The most deadly thing is that no one agency found it before the explosion of this small celestial body.
Small celestial bodies and meteorites also have important economic value, and even gave birth to the occupation of meteorite hunters. The small celestial bodies are rich in mineral resources, including platinum precious metals and diamonds. NASA has already seen the opportunity to fly around to detect the planets in 2026. The value of precious metals is said to exceed the total global GDP.
In 2016, the US Obama administration issued the US Commercial Space Competition Act, which gave US citizens the right to space mining. In 2017, the Luxembourg Ministry of Economic Affairs introduced the Space Resources Development and Utilization Act, which is committed to building Luxembourg into a “Silicon Valley” for the development and utilization of space resources. At present, the Star Trek era of small celestial mining has been initially opened, and dozens of commercial space mining companies have been established. The University of Colorado officially opened the world's first space mining specialty in 2017. (Source: Beijing Daily Author: Liming Tao)


http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-08-08/doc-ihhkuskt7846971.shtml

中国科学家提揽星九天计划 要将百吨小行星带回地球

中国科学家提揽星九天计划 要将百吨小行星带回地球



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揽星九天 摘下星星送给你
编者导读
近期，中国科学院国家空间科学中心李明涛研究员团队联合多家优势单位提出了一项名为“揽星九天”的大胆空间任务设想，计划在未来15-20年内捕获一颗外太空的小天体，操控其安全穿过稠密大气层，着陆地球表面无人区，期望将人类揽月摘星的梦想变为现实。
这一设想的消息被新华社等媒体广泛报道。本版特邀请李明涛研究员撰文向读者详细介绍这一设想的具体内容。

“揽星九天”是对小天体进行科学探索、开发小天体矿产资源
“摘星”任务要攻克四大关键技术
俱怀逸兴壮思飞，欲上青天揽明月——古往今来，人类一直有着探索宇宙的壮志豪情。科技进步不断挑战极限，人类实现了一个又一个创举，创造了载人航天、登陆月球、地外天体取样返回等前所未有的宏伟工程。揽月摘星已经不再是单纯的幻想，在不久的将来有可能成为一个全新的科学现实。
我们提出的“揽星九天”计划，任务目标是对小天体进行科学探索、开发小天体矿产资源，因此“揽星九天”计划提出将小天体整体捕获到地球表面无人区，进而利用地球上完善的设施对小天体开展研究和资源开发。
与之前专家学者提出将小天体捕获到地球轨道或者拉格朗日点轨道不同，“揽星九天”计划是首个提出并科学论证将小天体捕获到地球表面的空间任务构想。由于需要匹配轨道速度，将小天体捕获到轨道上需要更多燃料。“揽星九天”计划，利用自然的大气阻力减速，操控小天体以安全的速度着陆在地球表面指定无人区，能够有效降低对燃料的需求。
“揽星九天”计划核心是操控与地球“擦肩而过”的近地小天体，使危害小天体变为人类可以开发利用的资源。给小天体装上发动机，插上飞翔的“翅膀”，操控其安全进入地球轨道上空；给小天体穿上“拉风”防热减速“外套”，操控其安全着陆无人区，从而实现摘星计划。一次性可以拖回百吨级小天体，将颠覆目前公斤级的取样返回方式，大幅度降低单位重量样本的带回地球成本，促进规模级太空资源开发利用。
要将“揽星九天”计划从任务构想变成现实，需要攻克四大关键技术。
小尺寸小天体搜索发现技术
基于目前的地基观测设施，目前已经发现了超过90%的直径140米以上的小天体。“揽星九天”计划的操控对象是直径为1-10米的小天体或者大尺寸小天体上的矿石。小尺寸小天体的搜索发现将为“揽星九天”计划提供更多的候选目标，可以从中选择具有高科学价值、经济价值的小天体作为操控对象。
国际上提出了NEOCam等多项小天体普查空间任务概念，我国钱学森空间技术实验室提出了异构卫星星座用于小尺寸小天体的巡天普查。
“揽星九天”团队也在探索实现低成本的小天体巡天普查新概念技术方案，期望能够以尽可能低的成本实现小尺寸小天体的搜索发现和精细光谱测量。

小天体操控平台概念设计图 （李明涛提供）
小天体操控任务设计技术
小天体操控任务设计主要解决捕获目标遴选、全程轨迹优化与制导、任务总体指标分配等问题。
2015-2017年间“揽星九天”团队三次获得全国空间轨道设计竞赛冠军。基于在轨道优化领域多年的积累，“揽星九天”团队已经初步攻克了小天体操控任务设计难题，从已经编目的小天体数据库中找到了一颗适合操控的小天体。

2014 HB177轨道示意图
2014 HB177是一颗直径约6.4米的小天体，于2014年4月29日被美国夏威夷巡天望远镜发现。2014 HB177是Apollo类型近地小天体，近日点在地球轨道以内约1500万公里，远日点在地球轨道以外约5000万公里，轨道倾角相对黄道面约3.5°。该小天体会周期性穿越地球轨道，下次靠近地球发生在2034年，届时距离地球仅约20万公里。目前该天体的光谱类型不详，俄罗斯小天体监测机构估计该小天体重量约为385吨。
经过计算分析，采用长征五号运载火箭，2029年发射，2034年可以将数百吨重的2014 HB177小天体带回地球。
小天体操控平台设计技术
小天体操控平台设计由中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院承担。操控平台借鉴了美国小行星重定向任务（ARM）的口袋式抓捕机构。抵达小天体附近后，操控平台将旋转到与小天体同样的自旋速度，利用口袋式抓捕机构将小天体整体捕获，然后利用姿控发动机消除小天体的自转。为了实施轨道转移，操控平台配置了高比冲大功率霍尔电推进系统。
与美国ARM项目不同，“揽星九天”任务需要将新型充气防热减速机构安装在捕获的小天体上，并且确保机构能够在轨展开，是操控平台设计需要重点考虑的关键技术。

充气防热机构概念设计图（李明涛提供）
大气进入与防热减速机构技术
可控大气进入是“揽星九天”计划与美国ARM项目最本质的区别。核心难题是如何操控小天体安全穿过大气层，并减速到安全着陆的速度。
“揽星九天”团队与中国空间技术研究院北京空间机电研究所合作，设计了刚柔结合的新型充气防热减速机构。该机构可以适应长征五号的包络，折叠发射，返回前充气展开，提供直径达20米的减速面；其次，该机构可以实现防热、减速功能一体化，不再需要专门的降落伞和制动火箭；第三，该机构可以高空减速，热流比传统防热机构低一个数量级；最后，头部采用传统防热机构，能够适应行星际返回的高温烧蚀。
“揽星九天”团队制定了搜星计划、控星计划和摘星计划的三步走的技术路线图，期望联合优势单位推动项目从任务构想到工程立项。我们的分析表明，小天体操控原理是可行的，其经济社会效益显著。
延伸阅读
美国小行星重定向任务
2010年，美国宣布将于2025年载人登陆近地小行星。2011年，美国Keck空间研究中心提出将一颗近地小行星捕获到月球轨道的任务构想，后来演化为美国的小行星重定向任务（ARM）。
据2016年的消息，美国航天局公开了用来捕获小行星的机器人太空飞船计划，按照计划美国航天局将利用这一飞船于2021年在小行星上收集一块庞大岩石，并把它拉到月球轨道上，以便宇航员研究以及测试偏转理论，或针对模拟火星任务展开太空训练。
小行星重定向任务由两部分组成——机器人飞船和载人飞船，这两部分的任务有助于测试NASA实现火星之旅所需的关键技术。其中载人飞船的任务预计在2026年发射。
当机器人飞船在小行星表面着陆后，航天器将攫取一块直径几米的岩石。航天器随后将环绕这颗小行星运转约400天，此举旨在测试一个保卫地球免遭灾难性小行星撞击的方法：利用航天器自身的引力场巧妙地改变小行星的轨道。
从小行星收集岩石之后，机器人飞船将逐渐改变巨石的方向并把它牵引到月球轨道上，牵引过程预计将耗费6年时间，其间将借助月球的引力。NASA计划利用这颗巨石在21世纪20年代展开一系列测试任务。
在巨石那里，宇航员将能够从中选择、提取、收集以及返回样品，并执行测试操作，以验证火星之旅所需的概念技术。
然而，2017年ARM项目被终止。尽管没有付诸工程实施，ARM项目在人类历史上首次科学地开展了小天体操控任务论证。
我们提出的“揽星九天”计划，其将小天体捕获到地球表面的独特任务目标，决定了在关键技术、任务设计、操控平台设计等方面与ARM项目有着显著的区别。
探索之路
小天体取样返回耗资高昂
开展小天体探索，对研究太阳系起源、地球上水的来源及生命起源，同时减少近地天体对地球的威胁都具有重要意义。美国、欧空局和日本是小天体探测领域的第一梯队，我国于2012年开展了小行星飞越探测试验。
小天体探测分为绕飞、着陆、取样返回、撞击等方式，其中难度最大、最有展示度、科学价值最高的探测方式是从小天体上获取样品并带回地球。日本是世界上唯一成功实施从小天体上取样返回任务的国家。
“隼鸟”号是日本宇宙航空研究开发机构于2003年发射的小天体取样返回探测器。历经发动机故障、投放机器人失败、与地面失联、燃料泄漏等九死一生之后，于2010年将“糸川”小行星样品带回地球，是人类首次从小行星上采集到物质。

显微镜下的“隼鸟”号样品微粒 （中科院王蜀泉研究员拍摄）
“隼鸟”号总投资2.5亿美元，带回地球约1500个物质微粒，单个微粒尺寸约为千分之一毫米，平均单个微粒耗费约17万美元。正在实施的“隼鸟二号”、“OSIRIS-REx”等任务预算为数亿美元，目标取样重量不超过2公斤。深空取样返回的高成本由此可见一斑。
现有高成本的取样返回方案，难以适应未来太空采矿任务的发展需求。面向太空采矿的星际大航海时代，必须创新深空取样返回的技术方案，降低单位重量样品的带回地球成本。
太空采矿
小天体“串门”带来的机遇
小天体包括彗星、小行星、流星体和其他星际物质。彗星主要由冰、氨等挥发性物质构成，在接近太阳时，会拖着长长的彗尾，也被称为扫帚星。英国皇家天文学会将直径在100微米到10米之间的小天体界定为流星体，直径更大的小天体称为小行星，直径更小的则称为星际尘埃。
在太阳及行星引力摄动下，小天体会“出轨”，从一个轨道“串门”到另外一个轨道。比如火星的引力会让部分主带小天体“串门”到地球附近，成为近地小天体。有科学家认为地球上的水甚至生命，是小天体“串门”时带过来的，甚至认为正是小天体“串门”才造就了地球的生命之河。
某些“串门”的小天体，每隔几年就会光顾地球一次，与地球“擦肩而过”，最近距离甚至比月球还近。2013年，一个直径约20米的小天体在俄罗斯车里雅宾斯克高空爆炸，当量等效约30颗广岛原子弹，导致接近1500人受伤，3000栋房屋受损，波及3个城镇。最致命的是，这颗小天体爆炸之前没有任何一个机构发现它。
小天体及陨石也具有重要的经济价值，甚至催生了陨石猎人的职业。小天体上蕴藏丰富的矿产资源，包括铂族贵金属、钻石等。美国宇航局已经看到先机，计划2026年绕飞探测灵神星，贵金属价值据说超过了全球GDP的总量。
2016年，美国奥巴马政府颁发了美国《商业太空竞争法案》，赋予了美国公民太空采矿的权利。2017年卢森堡经济部出台《太空资源开发与利用法案》，致力于将卢森堡打造为太空资源开发利用的“硅谷”。目前已经初步开启了小天体采矿的星际大航海时代，成立了数十家商业太空采矿公司，美国科罗拉多大学于2017年正式开设了世界上第一个太空采矿专业。（ 来源：北京日报 作者： 李明涛）


关键字 : 中国小行星飞船

我要反馈

 

[LaoTze]

Yankee have 7200 warheads

Cina have 260 warheads

Enough said.

Is it pretty likely, to be honest, that the West will have to go to war with China sometime in the future?



Wuming Chan, studied at The University of the South Pacific (1990)
Answered Sun


You really want to go to war with China?
Knowing that will likely lead to nuclear exchange?
But you have no worries is it? Because China only got a few fucking nukes, a hundred or so or even 200++ nukes?
Nothing like the 1000++s nukes USA holding?
And you all allies of USA and therefore having USA bases on your soil and going to rah rah rah USA in attack on China?
Are you rational in asking and maybe hoping for this war with China?
And Russia will probably follow with her nukes as she will fear she be the next country to be nuked. After all, if nukes started to fall on China, is there any more cause for rational thinking to take place?
From
Wuming Chan's answer to Why does China only have about 260 nuclear warheads when Russia and the US have thousands? What is the Chinese policy with regards to nuclear weapons?

China has an official no-first-use policy on nukes. The only nuclear power country with that policy.
China never confirmed the number of nuclear warheads , or deny the numbers thrown at them such as the 260 thermonukes seen time and time again.
But let us look at the number of delivery means.
DF-41
DF-41 - Wikipedia
The Dong Feng 41 (CSS-X-10) is a road- and rail-mobile intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). The DF-41 is currently in its final testing stages and will be the next land-based ballistic missile to be deployed in the People’s Republic of China (PRC). It is estimated to have an operational range of 12,000 to 15,000 km, which would make it the longest range missile in operation. It will likely have a top speed of Mach 25 and will be capable of delivering up to 10 MIRVed warheads.
Richard Fisher, an expert on Asia-Pacific military affairs, says that a typical Second Artillery Corps unit has 6-12 missile launchers and may have an additional 6-12 "reload missiles", i.e. missiles to be launched after the first missile with which the launcher is equipped are launched, indicating 12-24 DF-41 missiles per one unit and giving a single SAC unit the capability to target the contiguous United States with 120-240 nuclear warheads
DF-31A
DF-31 - Wikipedia
The Dong Feng 31 (simplified Chinese: 东风-31; traditional Chinese: 東風-31; literally: "East Wind-31"; NATO reporting name CSS-09) is a long-range, road-mobile, three stage, solid-fuel rocket intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) in the Dongfeng missile series developed by the People's Republic of China. It is designed to carry a single 1-megaton thermonuclear weapon. It is a land-based variant of the submarine-launched JL-2. It is operated by the Second Artillery Corps (SAC) which, in 2009, was estimated to have under 15 DF-31 missiles and under 15 DF-31A missiles in inventory.
US Air Force National Air and Space Intelligence Centerestimates that as of June 2017, five to ten Mod 1 and over fifteen Mod 2 launchers were operationally deployed.
This will be MIRVing 3–5 warheads. Assuming MIRVing just 3 warheads, and assuming just the 2009 numbers of 30, DF-31s can deliver 90 thermonuclear warheads.
SSBNs
Type 094 Jin Class SSBN
Currently 4 of type 094 but projected to be 8 in years to come.
Carrying 12 numbers of JL-2, mirving 3–4 thermonuclear warheads.
Or 288 nuclear warheads
Type 096 Tang Class SSBN
This is similar to Ohio Class

Carrying 24 JL-3 missiles , each mirving 5–7 warheads.
Currently, 6 numbers of 096 SSBNs are being build simultaneously.
Using 6x24x5, we have 720 thermonuclear warheads.
China strategic bomber Xian H-6K
The bomber can carry up to six YJ-12 and 6-7 LACMs, or at least 10 LACMs.
As at 2015, there are 15 numbers of H-6Ks, and 150 numbers of assorted H-6s.
Using just H-6Ks, there will be need for 15X10 , or 150 thermonuclear bombs.
So clearly China got the delivery means for at least DF41 (240 nukes) DF31A (90 nukes) Type 094 SSBN ( 288 nukes) Type 096 SSBN (720 nukes) and Xian H-6K (150)
Or at least 1000 nukes can be delivered by China.
Or the warheads delivered are empty.
More likely than not, China got about 1000 numbers of plutonium/U235 cores , together with assemblies of 1000 thermonukes. Without the cores inserted and thereby making them a thermonuclear bomb, China got no nukes.
But if the situation is very dangerous, those 1000 cores can be inserted in a matter of days into the 1000 assemblies.
If China is ever turned into a nuclear wasteland, those that send nukes into China will be nuked into glowing wasteland.
And do not imagine there are only 260 Chinese nuclear warheads .
Allies of the country that nuke China will not go unpunished as well. Whether they could not stop USA or do not want to stop USA or USA do not want to listen to them will be irrelevant to China.
A nuked China will be very very weak. And China recalled the days where the British and French and Japan came to carve her up when China was weak.
China will not allow that to happen again.
So please let peace prevail and it is irrelevant whether you think China only got 260 nukes .
The lucky ones will be those that die in the first micro second.
Those still alive a year later will wish they gone at the very beginning.
And why the war fought or even started, no one will give a flying fuck as to the reasons.​

And follow up in comments

Andre Leong
Sat
I'm wondering how that number of 260 is counted. As you calculated, it doesn't seem be of the warheads it self, so does it mean delivery vehicles? (ICBM and other missiles)
Wuming Chan
You best ask those that did the counting.
I cannot speak for them.
I used the lowest numbers as I can as in all probability, China as of now got a lot more DF-41s and H-6Ks.And the stand off LACMs of H-6Ks can also be mirved.
All USA bases can be expected to be turned into glowing dust from Diego Garcia to Singapore to Guam to Japan to England to France to Germany.
Revenge of China will be delayed as she not fire the first nuke.
But rest assured, revenge will be very thorough.​

Wuming Chan
Mon
I am scared, if not terrified of this jousting about to brag whose dong is longer.
And I am pushing into my 70 , hoping instead to smell roses and listen to good songs and eating well and drinking well.
No chasing of SYTs. The SYTs run too fast.
I fear by my holding my tongue (or sitting on my fingers) heroic fools start to write and write to their fucking senators and congressmen and Dotard to sack Mattis (crazy world we are in! Having to rely on a fucking fierce Hawk to rein in Dotard to hold the peace) and then going to war with China.
Watching people here in Quora wanting to play Russian roulette with an automatic pistol. If only their head got shot, that be ok with me.
But when they want to start in motion process to nuke everyone, I quiver in my pants as I am a coward.
That as China got 260 nukes, nothing to fear. All needed is to threaten China with nukes if China sink USA carriers. And sinking USA is laughingly easy when the DF-26 can easily out to them and when China got thousands of Mach 3–4 AShMs and satellites and Divine Eagles and other drones up above, and below water, to track and target the ships.
My calculations of delivery means very much understated by the way.
As of Jan 2017, China already deployed 3 brigades of DF-41s, or 36 of them.
China May Have Deployed Missiles Not Far From Border With Russia
===================================
One of three Chinese brigades of intercontinental missiles Dongfeng-41 (DF-41) may have been deployed in the northern province of Heilongjiang bordering Russia, local media reported on Tuesday.
BEIJING (Sputnik) – The brigade is said to have been deployed in the Daqinq city, the Apple Daily newspaper reported. Another brigade was reportedly deployed in the city of Xinyang in the central Chinese province of Henan
The third missile brigade is going to be deployed in the northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, according to the newspaper.
===========================================
How many now? I do not know. But I am sure more than 36.
I also never counted the DF-5s, which are silo based . Liquid fuel but with greater throw weight than DF41, so mirving at least 10 warheads. Last counted in 2012 as 40 numbers of DF-5s. Your guess is as good as mine as to the numbers now.
JL-3 is a navalised version of DF-41s.
It was in 2013 Aug that report China took delivery of 15 Xian H-6Ks.
Can China’s New Strategic Bomber Reach Hawaii?
So if China sat on her thumb , China still only got 15 H-6Ks.
And so many here in Quora egging and egging for war with China. Provoking themselves to see red every where they turn and thinking China got a measly few dozens of nukes.
So for all we know, China might be having 2000 Pu/U 235 cores instead of 1000 as I hypothesised. And 2000 assemblies that the cores can go into.
Damn! Maybe even cockroaches and rats will not be spared to inherit and take over Earth!
Only tardigrads will survive. They can easily handle radiation 1000 times the lethal dosage for man.
LONG LIVE THE TARDIGRADS.

 

[LaoTze]

A picture is said to say more than a thousands words.
What then about a video?

Enuff said!

 

[KuanTi01]

China has never confirm or deny the western guesstimates! If the Yankees can amass 7200 warheads, there is nothing to stop China from doing the same whether tech-wise or financially.

 

[halsey02]

Yankee have 7200 warheads

Cina have 260 warheads

Enough said.

YANKEE WARHEADS BIGGER..don't believe me, ask the ah tiong bu....she can verify!..."enough said".

 

[tun_dr_m]

Today China can Actually make 4th Generation Nuke War heads as many and as fast as they can make 烧饼!

The Chinese are the 1st to have 4th Gen Nuke Power Generation Plant already. All the rest of the world are far behind.

4th Gen Nuke is CLEAN because it is PURE HYDROGEN FUEL, no Uranium, no Plutonium, safe & easy to store and manipulate into all sorts of variations, big, small, different application for different types of targets.

Previously for H-BOMBs, they need Uranium Plutonium etc as FUEL for their STAGE1 detonations, before they could have the necessary high energy explosion, Heat + Pressure, to create quantum physical conditions necessary to begin Hydrogen Fusion. The STAGE1 is itself a 1st generation nuke alike the Hiroshima bomb.

Now, it is not necessary for the Chinese, because they have great leap breakthrough in ULTRA HIGH TECH EXPLOSIVES, which are unique in whole world, and are strongest explosives on earth just next to nuclear bomb. They can use that to substitute the STAGE1. Detonating this new explosive charge in a high tech casing enclosure, can already create the necessary quantum physical condition to begin Hydrogen Fusion E=MC². Bang! Mushroom Cloud!







This means no rare earth material and long - expensive - tedious process of enriching Uranium and producing Plutonium any more. Making the process of producing Nuke Warheads as fast as industrialize process. As fast and easy as making 烧饼! Cost will be cheap!

The fuels are Hydrogen and Nitrogen respectively. You can as much as you want easily and readily. Hydrogen from simple electrolysis of water, which secondary school students are doing in the science labs. Nitrogen if FOC from the air.

Ang Moh and Russians are still behind Chinese in this, and lack result in their research and developments.

The Ang Moh's closest result is only this, still very far behind:


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentazenium

Pentazenium


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia




Jump to navigation Jump to search
Pentazenium Names Other names
Pentanitrogen cation
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)

• Interactive image

InChI[show]
SMILES[show]
Properties
Chemical formula
N+
5 Molar mass 70.0335 g/mol
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

verify (what is

?) Infobox references
The pentazenium cation (also known as pentanitrogen) is a positively charged polynitrogen ion of the chemical formula N+
5. Together with dinitrogen, solid nitrogen polymers and the azide anion, it is one of the only three polynitrogen species obtained in bulk quantities.
Contents

• 1 History
• 2 Preparation
• 3 Chemistry
• 4 Structure and bonding
• 5 See also
• 6 References

History
Within the High Energy Density Matter research program, run by the U.S. Air Force since 1986, systematic attempts to approach polynitrogen compounds began in 1998, when Air Force Research Laboratory at Edwards AFB became interested in researching alternatives to the highly toxic hydrazine-based rocket fuel and simultaneously funded several such proposals. Karl O. Christe, then, a senior investigator at AFRL, chose to attempt building linear N+
5 out of N
2F+
and N−
3, based on the proposed bond structure:[1]
[F−N≡N]+ + HN=N=N → [N≡N−N=N=N]+ + HF
The reaction succeeded, and N+
5AsF−
6 was created in sufficient quantities to be fully characterized by NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy in 1999.[2] The salt was highly explosive, but when AsF
5 was replaced by SbF
5, a stronger Lewis acid, much more stable N+
5SbF−
6 was produced, shock-resistant and thermally stable up to 60–70 °C. This made bulk quantities, easy handling, and X-ray crystal structure analysis possible.[3]



Xijinping now can many as many and as BIG or small nuke as he wants, very quickly and very inexpensively. It is 4th Gen. 1 Gen ahead of all the rest.

 

[tun_dr_m]

Hiroshima Bomb is 1st Gen, Tsar Bomba & Kim Jong Nuke H-bombs are 2nd gen.

The 3rd gen are these:

http://atomic-skies.blogspot.com/2015/03/third-generation-nuclear-weapons.html

Shaped Nuclear Charges

This is an idea that has shown up in a number of civilian publications on nuclear strategy and technology, but which I have yet to see in an official government document. This is not the same thing as Casaba-Howitzer, which used a radiation case to channel the energy output of a spherical nuclear explosion in a particular direction. A shaped nuclear charge would modify the design of the nuclear explosive itself, to control how the fusion reaction propagates within the fusion secondary, to ensure that as much as possible of the energy from it is released in the desired direction.[Wi][Fe] To quote one source:

"Both conventional and thermonuclear shaped charges tailor an explosive burn-wave using a detonation front that releases energy along a prescribed path. Both can produce jets of molten metal having velocities greatly in excess of the detonation velocity.


"For thermonuclear fuels such as deuterium plus tritium, the burn-wave can be directed by placing hollow bubbles or inert solids in the path of the detonation front in order to alter its velocity. Of course, ignition of a thermonuclear burn in a warhead requires a fission trigger to achieve the necessary compression and temperature... but even with such a (nondirected) trigger, the overall directivity of a thermonuclear shaped charge can still be significant... Using a convergent conical thermonuclear burn-wave with a suitable liner, one could theoretically create a jet traveling at 10,000 kilometers per second, or 3 percent of the speed of light."[Fe]​

Another source claims that 10% of the speed of light is the theoretical limit for the jet speed of a thermonuclear shaped-charged explosive.[Wi]


EXCALIBUR

This is the most famous of the third-generation weapons, by far, and I'm only going to summarize its very complicated story here since it's recounted well elsewhere. EXCALIBUR used the output of a nuclear explosion to power an X-ray laser. It was intended for use as an anti-ballistic missile weapon, though it would also make a fine anti-satellite weapon. Since each bomb could energize many separate X-ray emitters - about fifty seems to be the usual number, though some accounts go as high as 100,000 - yes, seriously - anyway, suffice it to say that EXCALIBUR seemed like a real game-changing technology for Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative.

Besides the basic X-ray laser, further improvements were also planned. The goal for the initial EXCALIBUR weapon was to produce X-ray beams one million times brighter then the X-rays emitted by a non-directional bomb. Once basic EXCALIBUR was developed, further upgrades would lead to EXCALIBUR Plus, which would increase the brightness by a further thousand-fold. The final evolution would be Super EXCALIBUR, which would use X-ray lenses to focus the beams, giving a further thousand-fold increase in brightness over EXCALIBUR Plus.

The original EXCALIBUR was going to be based on "pop-up" submarine-launched ballistic missiles, fired into the path of an oncoming swarm of Soviet ICBM's. However, in order to work, EXCALIBUR would need to fire before the enemy missiles discharged their warheads, since even the mighty EXCALIBUR could not cope with the thousands of decoy balloons the Soviets might include. And since the X-rays produced by EXCALIBUR could not penetrate very far through air, the Soviets could foil the system by building "fast-burn" boosters that would complete their acceleration and discharge their warheads before they'd left the protective shield of the atmosphere.

EXCALIBUR Plus was supposed to defeat these fast-burn boosters, by being powerful enough to burn its way through the atmosphere. However, to do this, it would need to be based in orbit, where it could shoot down through a relatively thin layer of air, rather then popped up on a ballistic missile, where it would have to make a slant shot through the upper atmosphere. This orbital basing would violate the Outer Space Treaty. Even worse, the devices would have to be placed in a relatively low orbit, meaning that relatively few would be in a position to fire at any given time, and they would be vulnerable to enemy attack.

Super EXCALIBUR solved this problem too. It would still be based in orbit, but it was powerful enough to destroy ICBM's from geostationary orbit, where all the bomb-sats would be in position to fire at the same time, and where they would have some protection against attack from sheer distance.

At any rate, none of this ended up happening. The full story is still known only to those inside the nuclear weapons complex, but it appears that sensor errors in early EXCALIBUR development tests led to a drastic over-estimation of how well the prototypes were working. New tests, using corrected sensors, took a lot of the wind out of the project's sails - not in the sense of "this won't work", but in the sense of "this is going to be a lot harder then we thought." Plus, Reagan wanted a purely non-nuclear SDI system if he could get it - he wanted to make nuclear weapons "impotent and obsolete", not just pit nukes against nukes. For a long time, SDIO's leadership insisted that they were only spending money on EXCALIBUR to determine if the Russians could use it against us, we definitely have no intention of building it, no sir. Then the Cold War ended, and nuclear testing stopped, and that was that.[Br2]


The known EXCALIBUR nuclear tests were:

DIABLO HAWK, September 13, 1978, LLNL. Test apparatus failed.

DAUPHIN, November 14, 1980, LLNL. First probable X-ray lasing success.

CABRA, March 26 1983, LLNL. Sensor failure.

ROMANO, December 16 1983, LLNL. First strong X-ray lasing evidence.

CORREO, August 2 1984, LANL. X-ray laser fails.

COTTAGE, March 23 1985, LLNL. First focusing attempt.

GOLDSTONE, December 28 1985, LLNL. First use of corrected sensors shows laser is dimmer then previously thought.

LABQUARK, September 30 1986, LLNL. More focusing tests.

DELAMAR, April 18 1987, LLNL. More focusing tests. Not successful.

KERNVILLE, February 15 1988, LLNL. Data gathering on basic X-ray laser.[Br2]


PROMETHEUS


PROMETHEUS was Los Alamos lab's competitor to EXCALIBUR, and probably descended from Casaba-Howitzer, and possibly classified work on shaped-charge nuclear explosives. It used a nuclear explosive to propel a number of small kinetic impactors to about 100 km/sec, often referred to as a "nuclear shotgun." It was primarily intended as an anti-ballistic missile weapon. A report from the time describes its mechanism as follows:

"One research engineer familiar with the project described the device as operating much like a rifle, using a polystyrene-filled barrel to help couple a plate to the 'gunpowder-like' blast of a directed nuclear charge. After the impulse from the explosion generates an intense shock wave, the plate 'fractionates' into millions of tiny particles. Of course, these would vaporize if in direct contact with the bomb, but as configured, the pellets reportedly achieved speeds of 100 kilometers per second without vaporization."[Fe]​

This is sourced to a report from SPARTA, Inc., which unfortunately I have been unable to obtain. Another source reports that PROMETHEUS projectiles could "penetrate fifteen inches of aluminum if you can keep them together."[Ul] Besides using it directly against warheads, SDI wanted to use it to distinguish decoys from real warheads: PROMETHEUS could be used to hit incoming objects with dust clouds, causing measurable changes in their trajectory, allowing defender's to calculate the mass of the target and therefore whether it's a heavy warhead or a light decoy. At least one nuclear test was conducted as part of the PROMETHEUS program: CHAMITA, fired on August 17 1985, which reportedly propelled a 1 kg tungsten/molybdenum target to 70 km per second.[Fe]


Optical-Wavelength Lasers

This project was similar to EXCALIBUR, but produced a visual wavelength laser instead of an X-ray. This reduced its range substantially, but made it much easier to attack targets in the atmosphere, since the atmosphere doesn't absorb visual light as well as X-rays. It may have been code-named PERSEID[Fe2] and run at Los Alamos[Ha], but the evidence is inconclusive; PERSEID may have been a separate, conventionally-powered excimer laser project.

Microwave Bombs

It's possible to use nuclear weapons to produce a high-intensity, directional blast of microwaves - an EMP, in other words. This is not the same thing as the EMP produce by a "conventional" high-altitude nuclear explosion - probably. Unfortunately, details about this program are still classified, so all we have to go on are unconfirmed leaks and speculation by civilians, but the best guess is that this would work on a very diffirent principle: using a small nuclear explosive to "pump" a microwave generator.[Fe]

Before anything else, let me say that we're getting into an area of physics I don't really understand as well as I should. Electromagnetism is not my thing. So I may make some mistakes here, and if I do, please point them out in the comments so I can fix them.

Civilian speculation about how a microwave bomb would work focused on two concepts: the electron plasma oscillator and the magnetic flux compressor. The electron plasma oscillator would use the X- and gamma-rays generated by a nuclear explosion to create electrical currents. To quote the source:

"The device could be surrounded by a cylindrical waveguide structure, possibly built up from many concentric metallic cylinders to serve three purposes: they could act as reflex diodes, emitting an intense pulse of electrons by Compton scattering and the photoelectric effect; they could provide a cavity structure in which the fields could 'ring' at a resonant frequency; and they could serve as a microwave horn antenna to direct a beam. Since this diode-waveguide-antenna structure would remain intact for only a short time before it was blown apart, it would have to exploit the near speed-of-light velocities of the gammas, electrons, and microwaves, to generate a beam quickly."[Fe]​

[Fe] estimates that about 0.001% of the weapon yield could be converted into directional microwaves using this process, at a frequency in the tens of gigahertz, leading to the conclusion that such a weapon would only be effective at 300 to 1,000 km range in space, or less then 200 km against targets within the atmosphere.

The magnetic flux compressor works in a similar fashion to a conventional explosive flux compressor, only using a nuclear explosive. This produces an enormous pulse of electricity, which is fed into a microwave antenna. [Fe] estimates that 5% or more of the nuclear yield might be transformed into electric current, and that "a few percent" of that energy might in turn be transformed into microwaves before the system blows itself apart, yielding about 0.1% of the nuclear yield in directional microwaves.

Incidentally, besides the usual uses of EMP, there was evidently speculation at Lawrence Livermore that a microwave bomb might perhaps be designed to produce microwaves at a frequency that would interfere with the functioning of the human nervous system - a "brain bomb". I've no evidence the brain bomb ever went beyond speculation, though.[Br]

We do know the EMP project was primarily based at Sandia lab, though there was probably also involvement by either Los Alamos or Livermore to design the physics package itself - I suspect Livermore, since they were working on an unspecified nuclear weapon to "hold at risk... strategic relocatable targets" at the time[Ty], and that was apparently the primary aim of the microwave bomb project.[Fe] There was probably at least one nuclear test as part of the microwave bomb program, though this is not certain - we know that at least one concept besides PROMETHEUS and EXCALIBUR had a test, and the microwave bomb is the most likely candidate.[Fe]

Particle Beams

There are periodic mentions that the Department of Energy investigated using nuclear weapons to produce particle beams[Fe], but no other information is available.

 

[Tony Tan]

US technology lost again, THAAD max speed only MACH8.24, PLA @MACH12, this is the speed your missile goes at to intercept incoming missiles or aircraft or drones or warheads or any threats.


http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-08-10/doc-ihhnunsq5739994.shtml



China Red Flag 19 debuts at 12 times the speed of sound against the incoming missile precision strike
Sina Military at 10:27 on August 10, 2018


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Recently, a photo of a suspected Red Flag-19 air defense missile carrier appeared on the street, which caused a heated discussion in the media. The carrier vehicle has been painted with desert camouflage and it is speculated that it has been installed. The whole vehicle adopts China Wanshan heavy-duty special truck WS2250 (8×8) basic derivative series vertical chassis, and the cab and control room adopt integrated design, which is obviously different from Hongqi-9 and Hongqi-22 air defense missile carrier. . Its missile launcher has a larger circumference, indicating that this air defense missile can carry more fuel and adopt a larger thrust solid rocket engine. Therefore, the suspected Red Flag-19 missile has a combat altitude outside the atmosphere and can intercept mid-range and intercontinental ballistic missiles in the airspace of more than 40 kilometers.

The picture shows our army ground-to-air missile unit main battle air defense weapon red flag-9
On January 11, 2010, China conducted a ground-based mid-course anti-missile interception technology test for a "kinetic energy"-1 (DN-1) missile. It successfully destroyed the ballistic missiles that struck outside the atmosphere, and China became a successor. After Russia, the third country in the world to master the land-based anti-ballistic missile technology. From the many experiments conducted by the foreign media from 2010 to the present, China’s current mid-range anti-missile missile is the Red Flag-19. In the interception test in 2013 and 2014, it successfully reproduced the US Standard-3 interception of USA-193. In the case, the target of simulating intercontinental missiles was intercepted at a relative altitude of more than 200 kilometers at a relative speed of nearly 10,000 m/s.

The picture shows the first interception test of the Red Flag-19 missile.
At present, in order to increase the probability of ballistic missile penetration, countries have chosen to significantly change the ballistic trajectory, re-entry into the atmosphere, and release false targets in the final guidance. This poses a big problem for the anti-missile. To deal with missiles that have surpassed the high-sonic speed after re-entry into the atmosphere, interceptors need to have stronger load-resistance and maneuverability than ballistic missiles. With the advantage of the red flag -19, it can be highly maneuverable and change the trajectory, and the flexible position can quickly and accurately intercept the target.

The picture shows the launch of the Russian A-135 anti-missile system
In order to support strong maneuverability, in addition to the use of large thrust solid rocket motors, Red Flag-19 may also use a carbon fiber engine casing and N-15B high-energy propellant. The former has the characteristics of high strength, high rigidity and low density. The latter N-15B high-energy propellant is an improved version of the tactical missile propellant, and the specific impulse performance is greatly improved, which makes the red flag-19 have strong dynamic performance. It can meet the requirements of high acceleration and maneuvering orbit in the last stage of high altitude anti-missile; in addition, it adopts a cooling infrared window design similar to THAAD to better realize the anti-missile interception in the atmosphere.

The picture shows the launch of the US THAAD system interceptor
Since there is very little information on the Red Flag -19 that is publicly available in China, we can only speculate its data from the extended-range THAAD system. The red flag-19 missile should be more than 6 meters in length and adopt a two-stage rocket propulsion design. However, the relative speed of the THAAD system interception target can only reach about half of the Red Flag-19 missile, and the Red Flag-19 interception range and interceptable missile types are more and can intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles. The kinetic energy interception warhead of the Red Flag-19 can use the super-acceleration capability to accurately strike any part of the incoming ballistic missile at 12 times the speed of sound (about 4080m/s) outside the atmosphere, so that the enemy ballistic missile has not re-entered the atmosphere. It’s gone.

The picture shows the 055 large destroyer launching air defense missile simulation screen
As we all know, the anti-missile system is the shield of strategic defense and the cornerstone of national strategic security. With the Hongqi-19 air defense missile and related anti-missile technology, China has supported a protective umbrella in outer space. Looking ahead, Red Flag -19 has the possibility of getting on the ship. With the 055 frigates and more "China Aegis" ships launched to meet the task of future Chinese naval regional air defense and aircraft carrier battle group escorts, marine anti-missile and even anti-satellite tests and maneuver deployments. (Author's signature: military analysis)

http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-08-10/doc-ihhnunsq5739994.shtml

中国红旗19首次亮相 可12倍音速对来袭导弹精确打击

中国红旗19首次亮相 可12倍音速对来袭导弹精确打击



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近日，一张疑似红旗-19防空导弹运载车出现在街头的照片引起了媒体热议，运载车已经涂上荒漠迷彩，推测已经列装。整车采用中国万山重型特种卡车WS2250（8×8）基本型衍生系列起竖式底盘，驾驶室和操控室采用一体化设计，与红旗-9和红旗-22防空导弹运载车都有明显不同。其驮载的导弹发射筒周径更大，表明这款防空导弹能够携带更多燃料，并采用与之匹配的更大推力的固体火箭发动机。所以这款疑似红旗-19导弹的作战高度在大气层外，能够在40公里以上空域对远程和洲际弹道导弹实施中段拦截。

图为我军地空导弹部队主战防空兵器红旗-9
中国于2010年01月11日在境内进行了一次“动能”-1（DN-1）型导弹的陆基中段反导拦截技术试验，成功在大气层外击毁来袭的弹道导弹，中国成为继美俄之后世界上第3个掌握陆基中段反弹道导弹技术的国家。外媒从2010年至今的多次试验中看出，中国目前主要的中段反导导弹就是红旗-19，在2013、2014年的拦截试验中，它成功再现当年美国标准-3拦截USA-193的情况，在200公里以上高度以接近10000米/秒的相对速度拦截模拟来袭洲际导弹的目标。

图为红旗-19导弹首次进行中段拦截试验
目前，各国为了增加弹道导弹的突防概率，都选择在末段制导中大幅改变弹道轨迹、再入大气层后变轨和释放假目标。这对反导就提出了一个很大难题，对付再入大气层后超高音速来袭的导弹，拦截弹就需要比弹道导弹拥有更强的抗载荷和机动能力。具备后发优势的红旗-19就能够高机动和变化弹道，灵活走位快速精准拦截目标。

图为俄罗斯A-135反导系统发射瞬间
为支撑强大的机动能力，除使用大推力固体火箭发动机以外，红旗-19还可能使用碳纤维发动机壳体和N-15B高能推进剂。前者具有高强度、高刚度和低密度的特点，后者N-15B高能推进剂是战术导弹推进剂的改进型，比冲性能有很很大提升，这些使红旗-19具备强劲的动力性能，可满足末段高空反导的高加速和机动变轨要求；另外其采用了类似THAAD的制冷红外窗设计，以更好地实现大气层内反导拦截。

图为美国THAAD系统拦截弹发射瞬间
由于国内公开的关于红旗-19的资料极少，我们只能从增程版THAAD系统来推测其数据。红旗-19的导弹长度应该在6米以上，采用两级火箭推进设计。但THAAD系统拦截目标的相对速度仅能达到红旗-19导弹的一半左右，且红旗-19拦截范围和可拦截的导弹种类更多、能够拦截洲际弹道导弹。红旗-19的动能拦截战斗部在大气层外能够凭借超强加速能力以12倍音速（约为4080m/s）对来袭弹道导弹任意部位进行精确碰撞打击，使敌方弹道导弹还没有再入大气层就灰飞烟灭。

图为055大型驱逐舰发射防空导弹模拟画面
众所周知，反导系统是战略防御的护盾，是国家战略安全的基石。拥有红旗-19防空导弹和相关反导技术，就为中国在外太空撑起了一把保护伞。展望未来，红旗-19还有上舰的可能。随着055大型驱逐舰和更多的“中华神盾”舰下水，满足未来中国海军区域防空和航母战斗群护卫的任务之后，进行海上反导甚至是反卫星试验和机动部署。（作者署名：军情解析）

 

[Tony Tan]

PLA says Lim Peh got full of new war toys, every week got more advanced new toys! Now new type 093A nuke subs with new ship sinking torpedoes. Can break your warships into 2 halves.


http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-08-10/doc-ihhnunsq6312448.shtml


China's 093A nuclear submarine bright new weapon models are not more open than YJ18
Sina Military at 11:31 on August 10, 2018


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In late July, a nuclear submarine at a submarine base of the Northern Theater Navy advanced into the ocean far from the Yellow Sea. The Chinese military network reported on August 9th. According to the distribution of the text, the submarine was the latest domestically-made sharp attack nuclear submarine that was released in April this year. It was previously reported as 093A or 093B. This article uses the 093A type title for reasons detailed below. This 093A attack nuclear submarine is extremely sophisticated and the hull is smooth and mirror-like. More worthy of attention is that the report said that the submarine carried out an attack on the surface warship in a certain oceanic sea. The launch was not the Eagle Strike-18 cruise missile that the netizens are familiar with, but the torpedo that has a history of more than 150 years!

Screenshot of the relevant report of the Chinese military network.
The data shows that the Type 093 attack nuclear submarine belongs to China's second-generation nuclear submarine, and the basic type only served about three ships. The improved models will be launched soon. The improved appearance of the first appearance is mainly from the appearance of the fillet in the front part of the submarine and the observation of the porthole above the enclosure. These improvements are believed to reduce the noise generated by the submarine during navigation and reduce the chances of being discovered by "enemy" anti-submarine aircraft and sonar arrays. This modification is generally referred to as 093G. According to public reports, the 093G may have only built one ship, and the test is very strong.

The next topic is the protagonist of this article. The mainstream mainstream view is that it should be called 093A. Domestic research papers and public reports show that the 093A attack nuclear submarine has a very large improvement compared with 093. It is said that a newly designed nuclear submarine is not an exaggeration, so it is also called a domestic 2.5-generation nuclear submarine.

093 (front) and 093G nuclear submarines. Thanks to yangheng for scanning the map.
The 093A nuclear submarine was first publicized in the military parade in the southern seas in April this year. Later, CCTV, China Military Network and other official media reported it many times. However, it seems that the Chinese military network released such a close-up HD picture this time for the first time. The weapon launching bay of the 093A nuclear submarine has appeared in the CCTV screen, indicating that the submarine is equipped with at least two main warfare weapons: the Eagle Strike-18 cruise missile (divided into anti-ship and land attack), and the new generation of thermodynamic heavy-duty multi-purpose. torpedo. This report by the military network refers to the "hit" target of the surface warship, which is probably the hot-powered torpedo.

The 093A nuclear submarine that attacked an ocean.
In the general impression of military fans, the modern naval warfare has already been fully missileized. The missiles of the competition have been shot farther, playing more accurately and more anti-interference ability. Then, as the 093A nuclear submarine of the new generation of "the heavy weapon of the country" (including the 093B that was also disclosed after it), why is the torpedo also used as an anti-ship or even an anti-aircraft weapon?
In general, nuclear submarines in various countries will be equipped with torpedoes, mainly used to "hunt" opponents in the deep-sea ocean to equip strategic nuclear submarines with submarine-launched intercontinental missiles, as well as attack-type nuclear submarines. However, because the nuclear submarine is much higher than the underwater high-speed navigation capability of the conventional submarine, it has become a very threatening "aircraft carrier killer." When attacking large surface ships such as aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines can use both long-range anti-ship missiles and heavy-duty anti-submarine/anti-ship torpedoes. After applying thermodynamic technology, the new torpedo has a maximum range of about 100 kilometers.

The thermal power torpedo of the 093A nuclear submarine equipped in the CCTV picture.
This distance is already on the edge of the aircraft's anti-submarine defense circle, so it is possible for the nuclear submarine to seize the fighter and attack the aircraft carrier with more hidden weapons. Moreover, the nuclear submarine can compete with surface warships such as aircraft carriers because of its speed. The underwater submarine time is also very long. It can launch a sudden attack remotely or sneak into the anti-submarine defense circle of the aircraft carrier. Then, when it is closer to the aircraft carrier group, the concealment is better. The torpedo with higher accuracy is made by the wire guide, the active and passive acoustic self-guide, and the like, and it becomes an anti-ship weapon.

The 093A nuclear submarine is well built. The hull is quite smooth.
According to public information, China has successfully developed a fish-6 torpedo that combines thermal power and line guidance technology at the beginning of this century, and has become the main weapon of the 039 series AIP power submarine, 091 modified, 093, 093G and other nuclear submarines. The new generation of thermodynamic heavy-duty torpedoes equipped with the 093A nuclear submarine, whose technical level is said to have surpassed the Mk.48 Mod7 heavy torpedo that was tested in 2008, may reach the level of the British "pike" torpedo.
Perhaps because of this, the new generation of thermodynamic heavy torpedoes have not even been released to date, and are more mysterious than the Navy's new generation of the main tactical missile eagle -18 that won the National Science and Technology Award.
The "Pike Fish" torpedo is 533 mm in diameter, 6 meters long and weighs 1.85 tons. The public information shows that its maximum speed is 70.5 knots (50 meters water depth), high speed 55 knots (900 meters water depth), low speed 28 knots; maximum range 40 kilometers (55 knots), 100 kilometers (28 knots). The "Pike Fish" torpedo is also known as one of the world's strongest torpedoes.

The first item in the picture is the fish-6 thermal power line to guide the heavy torpedo.
According to the report of the Chinese military network, the 093A nuclear submarine has been able to actually use a new generation of heavy-duty multi-purpose torpedoes in the distant oceans to launch a covert attack on the surface warship targets. Prior to this, CCTV has reported that the 093A nuclear submarine launched the Eagle--18 cruise missile to hit the target on the island. This means that the domestic 2.5-generation attack-type nuclear submarine main battle weapons have formed combat effectiveness. The 2.5-generation attack-type nuclear submarine represented by 093A and 093B will be more effective in deterring the potential opponent's nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers after starting the combat duty, and more effectively defending my marine and underwater land.

The interior of the 093A nuclear submarine is also rare.
Finally, let’s talk about the public space of the 093A nuclear submarine in the military network. From the picture, the crew drives the nuclear submarine in much the same way as the F1 racer drives the car. The "steering wheel" operation greatly enhances the convenience of the submarine's handling, and there is obviously a "blessing" on the flexibility of the submarine navigation. The change of control mode also indicates that the design level of nuclear submarines in China is improving in an overall way. (Author's signature: Hundred War Knife)

http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-08-10/doc-ihhnunsq6312448.shtml

中国093A核潜艇亮新武器 型号都没公开比YJ18更神秘

中国093A核潜艇亮新武器 型号都没公开比YJ18更神秘



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7月下旬，北部战区海军某潜艇基地一艘核潜艇挺进远离黄渤海的大洋。中国军网8月9日对此进行了报道，从配发的图文来看，这艘潜艇是今年4月才公开的国产最新锐攻击型核潜艇，此前被公开报道称为093A或者093B型。本文采用093A型称谓，原因下文详述。这艘093A型攻击核潜艇工艺极为精良，艇身光滑如镜面。更值得关注的是，报道称潜艇在某大洋海域进行了对水面战舰攻击演练，发射的竟不是网友熟知的鹰击-18巡航导弹，而是已有150多年历史的鱼雷！

中国军网相关报道截图。
资料显示，093型攻击核潜艇属于我国第二代核潜艇，基本型只服役了约3艘，改进型号很快就陆续推出。最先亮相的改进型从外形来看，主要是在潜艇围壳前部出现填角，并取消了围壳上方的观察舷窗。这些改进被认为能降低潜艇在航行中产生的噪音，减少被“敌”反潜舰机、声呐基阵等发现的几率。这一改进型一般被称为093G。公开报道显示，093G可能只造了1艘，试验性质非常浓。



接下来公开的就是本文的主角，外界主流观点认为其应该被称为093A。国内科研论文和公开报道显示，093A攻击核潜艇相比093的改进幅度非常大，说是全新设计的一款核潜艇也不为过，所以又被称为国产2.5代核潜艇。

093（前）和093G核潜艇。感谢yangheng扫图。
093A核潜艇在今年4月南部海域的阅兵中首次公开，之后，央视、中国军网等官媒对它进行了多次报道。不过像中国军网这次发布如此近距离的高清大图，似乎还是首次。此前央视画面中已出现过093A核潜艇的武器发射舱，显示潜艇至少装备了两种主战武器：鹰击-18巡航导弹（分为反舰型和陆攻型）、新一代热动力重型多用途鱼雷。军网这次报道提及“击中”水面战舰目标的，很可能就是指的这款热动力鱼雷。

向某大洋海域出击的093A核潜艇。
在军迷网友的普遍印象里，现代海战早已全面导弹化，比拼的是谁的导弹射得更远，打得更准，抗干扰能力更强。那么作为新一代“国之重器”的093A核潜艇（包括在它之后也公开了的093B），为何还将鱼雷作为反舰，甚至是反航母利器呢？
一般来说，各国核潜艇都会装备鱼雷，主要用于在深海大洋“猎杀”对手装备潜射洲际导弹的战略核潜艇，以及攻击型核潜艇。但是由于核潜艇远高于常规潜艇的水下高速航行能力，使其也成为极具威胁的“航母杀手”。在对航母等大型水面舰艇发起攻击时，核潜艇既可选用远程反舰导弹，也可发射重型反潜/反舰两用鱼雷。在应用热动力技术之后，新型鱼雷最大射程已能达到100公里左右。

央视画面中出现的093A核潜艇装备的热动力鱼雷。
这样的距离已处在航母反潜防御圈的边缘，所以核潜艇是有可能抓住战机，用更隐蔽的武器对航母发起攻击的。而且，核潜艇由于航速可与航母等水面战舰媲美，在水下的潜航时间也非常长，既可以远程发起突然袭击，也能够潜入航母反潜防御圈之内。那么在距离航母群更近时，隐蔽性更好，通过线导、主被动声自导等多种导引方式使得命中精度更高的鱼雷，就成为反舰利器。

093A核潜艇建造工艺精良。艇身相当光滑。
公开资料显示，我国在本世纪初已研制成功结合热动力和线导技术的鱼-6鱼雷，并成为039系列AIP动力潜艇、091改进型、093、093G等核潜艇的主战武器。到了093A核潜艇装备的新一代热动力重型多用途鱼雷，其技术水平据称已超过2008年才试射的Mk.48 Mod7重型鱼雷，可能达到英国“矛鱼”鱼雷的水平。
可能正因为如此，所以新一代热动力重型鱼雷至今连型号都没公开，比获得国家科技大奖的海军新一代主力战术导弹鹰击-18还神秘。
“矛鱼”鱼雷直径533毫米，长6米，重达1.85吨。公开资料显示其最大航速70.5节（50米水深），高速55节（900米水深），低速28节；最大航程40公里（55节）、100公里（28节）。“矛鱼”鱼雷也被称为世界最强鱼雷之一。

图中第一款即为鱼-6热动力线导重型鱼雷。
根据中国军网这次的报道来看，093A核潜艇已能在远海大洋实际使用新一代重型多用途鱼雷，对水面战舰目标发起隐蔽打击。而在此之前，央视已报道过093A核潜艇发射鹰击-18巡航导弹打击海岛上的标靶。这意味着国产2.5代攻击型核潜艇主战武器均已形成战斗力。以093A、093B为代表的2.5代攻击型核潜艇在开始战斗值班之后，将对潜在对手的核潜艇、航母等产生更有效威慑，更有力地护卫我海洋和水下国土。

093A核潜艇内部也罕见公开。
最后，再说说军网此次报道公开的093A核潜艇内舱。从画面来看，艇员驾驶核潜艇的方式很像F1赛车手驾驶赛车，“方向盘”式操作大大提升了潜艇操控的便利性，对潜艇航行的灵活性显然也有“加持”。操控方式的转变，也表明我国核潜艇设计水平在整体式提升。（作者署名：百战刀）

 

[Tony Tan]

http://translate.google.com/transla...cn/china/2018-08-11/doc-ihhnunsr3500018.shtml


Chinese fishermen’s sudden cerebral hemorrhage in the South China Sea, our military transport plane flew to Yongshu Reef
August 11, 2018, 12:13, World Wide Web


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For a fisherman brother, the southern theater sent a special plane to fly to Nansha.
Fishermen's homework, sudden cerebral hemorrhage
On the morning of the 8th, the 51-year-old fisherman’s right to plant a cerebral hemorrhage in a certain sea area of the South China Sea. A certain part of the Nansha garrison station stationed in the Yongshu Reef quickly dispatched 2 search and rescue boats to the reef beach, but it was too large for the storm. near.

At a critical juncture, the officers and men released the hoisting boats and transferred the dangerous fishermen through manpower paddles. They successfully sent the ill-fated fishermen to Yongshu Hospital for medical examination and emergency treatment in the early morning of the 9th.

Thousands of miles of sea and sea relays to rescue critically ill fishermen
Because the patient's condition is critical and urgently needed to be sent to the hospital, the Southern Theater Joint Command Center immediately launched an emergency plan. While organizing and coordinating the Guangzhou General Hospital for remote consultation, it quickly directed the air force of the theater to dispatch a transport plane, and carried an expert medical team to fly to Yongshu Reef.

On the evening of the 9th, the critically ill fishermen had been transported by transport to Sanya, Hainan. The medical staff of the Hainan Branch of the People's Liberation Army General Hospital, which had already been on standby, was quickly deployed.

Chen Wei, director of the emergency department of the Hainan Branch of the General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army: CT showed a large amount of cerebral hemorrhage on the left side of the brain, and life was dying.

At present, the patient is still not out of danger, and the military medical expert group is fully rescued.




http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-08-11/doc-ihhnunsr3500018.shtml

中国渔民南海突发脑溢血 我军运输机飞赴永暑礁救援

中国渔民南海突发脑溢血 我军运输机飞赴永暑礁救援



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为了一位渔民兄弟，南部战区派专机飞南沙。
渔民作业突发脑溢血
8日上午，51岁的渔民裴植权在南海某海域作业时突发脑溢血，驻守在永暑礁的南沙守备部队某部迅速派出2搜救援艇赶往事发礁滩，却因风浪太大一度无法靠近。

紧要关头，官兵们释放吊装小艇，通过人力划桨的方式中转病危渔民，成功在9日凌晨将病危渔民送至永暑医院进行体检和应急处置。

千里陆海空接力 抢救病危渔民
因患者病情危重急需后送治疗，南部战区联指中心立即启动应急预案，在组织协调广州总医院进行远程会诊的同时，迅速指挥战区空军派出运输机，搭载专家医疗组紧急飞赴永暑礁。

9日当晚，病危渔民已被运输机接送到海南三亚，早已待命的解放军总医院海南分院的医护人员迅速展开救治。

解放军总医院海南分院急救部主任 陈威：CT显示是左侧脑大量脑出血，生命垂危。

目前患者仍未脱离生命危险，军队医疗专家组正在全力抢救。

 

[Tony Tan]

PLA should let CNN get a LIVE COVERAGE of USAF being shot by PLA missiles. Since they are looking for exciting violation at south China Sea. Later they can follow up with their own funeral coverage.



http://translate.google.com/transla...cn/china/2018-08-11/doc-ihhnunsr3401526.shtml


US military P-8A reconnaissance plane with reporters Nanhai for the show, our army domineering English warning
August 11, 2018, 11:57 World Wide Web


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On August 9th, local time, CNN reporters once again took the US Navy P-8A "Poseidon" reconnaissance plane and flew over the South China Sea. They wanted to promote the "militaryization" of the South China Sea. Unexpectedly, "the harvest" has been repeatedly warned by the People's Liberation Army six times.
The People’s Liberation Army warned the US military aircraft that came to provocate in English.
This is the English warning of the PLA to the US military!
US. Military aircraft, this is Chinese military. China has sovereignty of the Nansha Islands including the reef and its adjacent waters. Leave immediately and keep off to avoid any misunderstanding.
US military aircraft, here is the Chinese army. China has the sovereignty of the Nansha Islands, including the island reef and its adjacent waters. Please leave and stay away from our airspace immediately to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings.
The US military responded by saying that it is "international airspace" and that the US Navy aircraft has the right to conduct military activities here.
United States Naval aircraft conducing lawful military activity beyond the national airspace of any coastal states and exercising these rights guaranteed by international law. I am operating with due regards to the right of duties of all states.
Ivan Watson, a senior international journalist from CNN in Hong Kong, immediately made an on-site connection with CNN at the US base airport in Okinawa. The "complaint" was full for three minutes.

CNN reporter "accused" at Okinawa US military airport
In the on-site connection of the CNN news program, Ivan Watson said that the team flew over the South China Sea on the US Navy P-8A "Poseidon" reconnaissance plane and witnessed at least four artificial islands filled with coral reefs. The above was carried out on a large scale.
Watson said that we have seen with our own eyes that since CNN last (September 2015) flying over the same area by plane, there have been a large number of (an incredible amount of) buildings on the island. CNN used to photograph Yongshu Reef in 2015. Today we see radar stations on the island, airstrips, four to five-story concrete buildings, and many other impressive buildings. And this is just one of four different artificial islands.

Watson said that during the overflight, he received radio calls from the Chinese military and warned them to leave the area immediately to prevent any possible misunderstanding.
Watson said that the US response to each warning is scripted to inform the other party that they are in "international airspace" and that the US Navy aircraft has the right to conduct any activities in the area.
Watson said he realized that the plane was consciously avoiding the 12 nautical miles of the artificial island below.
Watson finally published some of his own understanding of the "controversy" of the South China Sea. He believes that China claims sovereignty over almost the entire South China Sea, and many countries in the region have expressed disagreement. The United States has been conducting aircraft and ships in the region. “Free sailing” activities to highlight the region as “international waters/airspace”.
He stressed that the fact is that China has built "large-scale projects" in the region, very large artificial islands, which are "can't run."

The CNN website reported on the 10th that the US Navy aircraft flew over the 渚 礁 reef, Yongshu reef, Meiji reef and Chigua reef at a height of 16,500 feet (about 5,000 meters), and received warnings from China as many as six times.
At the Bibi Reef, the Poseidon sensor detected as many as 86 vessels, anchored in a huge lagoon, including the Chinese Sea Police.

“It’s surprising to see the airport in the middle of the sea,” said US Navy Lieutenant Lor. Lauren Callen.
Lieutenant Colonel Chris Purcell, commander of the US Navy's Patrol Squadron Four, who is in charge of the 9th mission, said that the United States has been flying like this for 50 years, indicating that the United States is committed to maintenance. Free navigation of international waters.
"The reason we are here has not changed," Purcell said. "But the reason for (Chinese) coming here has changed."
China is intensifying communication with ASEAN countries on the "South China Sea Code of Conduct" and explicitly proposes to exclude "outside countries."
On May 23, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with US Secretary of State Pompeo to meet with reporters. The US reporter asked the Chinese side to engage in so-called "militaryization" in the South China Sea.
Wang Yi said:
China is engaged in construction activities on its own island reef in the South China Sea, mainly to build civilian facilities and to build necessary defense facilities. The construction is the right to self-insurance and self-defense given to each sovereign state under international law, and has nothing to do with militarization. This is the same as the deployment of military facilities by the US in Guam and Hawaii. Moreover, the scale of China's deployment is far less than that of the United States. There is no need to speculate on this.


http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-08-11/doc-ihhnunsr3401526.shtml

美军P-8A侦察机携记者闯南海作秀 我军霸气英文警告

美军P-8A侦察机携记者闯南海作秀 我军霸气英文警告



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当地时间8月9日，美国有线电视新闻网（CNN）记者时隔三年，再次乘上美国海军P-8A“海神”侦察机，飞越中国南海，本想大肆宣扬一番南海“军事化”，不料额外“收获”了解放军连续六次警告。
解放军用英文警告前来挑衅的美军军机——
这是解放军对美军的英文警告！
U.S。 military aircraft， this is Chinese military。 China has sovereignty of the Nansha Islands including the reef and its adjacent waters。 Leave immediately and keep off to avoid any misunderstanding。
美军飞机，这里是中国军队。 中国拥有南沙群岛的主权，包括岛礁及其邻近水域。 请立即离开并远离我方空域，以避免发生不必要的误解。
美军则“照本宣科”回应称，自己所属位置是“国际空域”，美国海军飞机有权在此进行军事活动。
United States Naval aircraft conducing lawful military activity beyond the national airspace of any coastal states and exercising these rights guaranteed by international law。 I am operating with due regards to the right of duties of all states。
CNN驻香港资深国际记者伊万·沃特森（Ivan Watson）返航后，立即在冲绳美军基地机场与美国本土CNN作了一次现场连线，对此“控诉”足足三分钟。

CNN记者在冲绳美军机场“控诉”
在CNN新闻节目的现场连线中，伊万·沃特森介绍，该团队乘上美国海军P-8A“海神”侦察机飞越中国南海，目睹了至少四处由珊瑚礁填成的人工岛，中国在上面进行了大规模的建设。
沃特森说，我们亲眼所见，自从CNN上一次（2015年9月）乘飞机飞越相同区域后，在岛上出现了大量（an incredible amount of）建筑。CNN曾于2015年拍摄永暑礁，如今我们看到岛上有雷达站，有飞机跑道，有四到五层高的水泥建筑，还有令人印象深刻的许多其他建筑。而这只是四个不同人工岛中的一个。

沃特森说，在飞越过程中，不断收到来自中国军方的无线电呼叫，警告他们立即离开该地区，以防出现任何可能的误会。
沃特森说，美方对每次警告的答复都是照本宣科（scripted），告知对方自己处于“国际空域”，美国海军飞机有权在该区域进行任何活动。
沃特森说，自己意识到，飞机是在有意识地避免进入下方人工岛的12海里范围之内。
沃特森最后还发表了一些自己对中国南海“争议”的理解，他认为中国对几乎整个南海主张主权，而该地区多个国家对此表示异议，美国一直以飞机和舰船在该地区进行“自由航行”活动，以彰显该地区是“国际水域/空域”。
他强调，事实是，中国在该地区建造了“大型工程”，非常大的人工岛屿，这些建筑是“跑不了的”。

CNN网站10日报道补充说，美国海军飞机在16500英尺（约5000米）高空飞越了渚碧礁、永暑礁、美济礁和赤瓜礁，期间收到来自中国的警告多达6次。
在渚碧礁，海神号的传感器探测到多达86艘船只，停泊在一个巨大泻湖中，其中包括中国海警船。

“看到大海正中出现机场令人感到意外，”美国海军中尉劳伦·卡伦（Lt。 Lauren Callen）表示。
负责9日飞行任务的美国海军第四巡逻中队（Patrol Squadron Four）指挥官克里斯·珀塞尔（Chris Purcell）中校表示，美国像这样飞行已经有50年了，这表明，美国致力于维护国际水域的自由航行。
“我们在这里的原因没有改变，”珀塞尔说，“但（中国人）来这里的原因已经改变了。”
中国正在与东盟各国就“南海行为准则”加紧沟通，并明确提出排除“域外国家”。
中国外交部长王毅在5月23日曾与美国国务卿蓬佩奥共同会见记者，被美方记者问及中国在南海搞所谓“军事化”问题。
王毅表示：
中国在南海自己的岛礁上搞建设活动，主要是建设民用设施，同时也建设必要的防卫设施。有关建设是国际法赋予每个主权国家的自保权和自卫权，与军事化无关。这与美方在关岛和夏威夷部署军事设施是一样的，何况中国部署的规模远不如美国，没有必要对此进行炒作。

 

[KuanTi01]

All these western trouble-makers with very itchy backsides are just trying to provoke China. One fine day, they won't live to tell the tale! Blow them out of the skies!

 

[Leckmichamarsch]

All these western trouble-makers with very itchy backsides are just trying to provoke China. One fine day, they won't live to tell the tale! Blow them out of the skies!

will they ask NK for return of bones??????

 

[Tony Tan]

All these western trouble-makers with very itchy backsides are just trying to provoke China. One fine day, they won't live to tell the tale! Blow them out of the skies!

will they ask NK for return of bones??????

My proposal to PLA: Enemies' Corpse Feeds Sharks! No bones! Only Shark Fins! Yum!

 

[Tony Tan]

This is practically enabled by Chinese GPS called BDS-3 北斗3 系统. Which is way better than USA, Russian & European & Japanese (Japs system is not really working), BECAUSE Chinese BDS is TWO-WAY communication satellites, capable of letting users send + receive SMS GLOBALLY and ANYWHERE in OCEAN, DESERT, FORESTS etc.

Chinese rescue teams during 汶川 quake send / received 740,000 sms using BDS.

Fishermen boats are given some amount of FOC & Discounted usage, but the idea is they act as eyes and spies to monitor any e.g. US Japs warships etc for PLA, they must report using SMS.

BDS knows who you are and where you are, (registered users in China)









These toys I believe you can by from Alibaba.Com Jack Ass Ma, and register yourself online & use Ali-Pay to pay.


http://china.huanqiu.com/hot/2016-09/9436321.html

北斗海聊发布新品H3 998元北斗短报文终端剑指民用市场

2016-09-13 09:18:00 映象网 分享

参与

9月12日，海聊科技旗下品牌北斗海聊发布了第三代北斗短报文通信终端H3,售价998元，仅为同类北斗终端的价格的1/4。北斗海聊发布H3的重磅消息一经传出，立即引起北斗业界巨震以及各界热议。

定位于民用市场的H3体积小，重量轻，外观时尚，内置短报文通信和卫星定位模块，配备温度及气压传感器，支持26万个轨迹点的储存和语音播报功能，该配置在市面上绝无仅有，无论是价格还是功能都颠覆了现有的北斗终端。北斗海聊H3的发布意味高价北斗终端成为过去，对北斗短报文产品普及民用程具有积极的推动意义，将成为北斗行业乃至整个卫星通信行业的标志性里程碑。

历时10个月，8个版本修改，海聊团队打造情怀精品H3​

海聊团队在去年已经立项研发H3，历时9个月，经过8个版本的修改，终成精品。海聊创始人兼CEO颜志威称，“做一款极致的大众消费级北斗短报文产品，是他及核心团队创办海聊的初心，也是一直坚持努力的目标和方向”。颜志威进一步解释，“尽管现代通信已经十分发达，但在大洋上仍有不少的海员、渔民无法保持跟家人的联系，几个月甚至一年半载跟家人失联是常发生的事;而陆地上驴友失联导致伤亡的事件也时有发生。短报文通信是中国北斗系统极为出色的功能，应该要发扬并普及大众民用，解决驴友以及海员、渔民等群体的通信需求，关键时刻还可以保障人身安全。而遗憾的是，过往的北斗终端设备个头和重量都很大，外观设计也不符合个人审美要求，价格更是高居不下，动辄数千上万元，让普通大众望而却步，因此北斗短报文应用一直未能普及大众民用。”

自主实力，是海聊情怀的最好支撑

北斗短报文应用的普及民用需要海聊人的这种情怀。而情怀，更需要实力去支撑。海聊科技核心团队骨干在北斗通信以及互联网领域从业多年，在北斗芯片、模块、终端的设计研发和生产有着丰富的技术积累，在互联网通信技术、软件系统开发以及运营方面有着丰富的技术和项目经验。在以往，要研发生产一套北斗终端，仅其中实现北斗短文通信的北斗模块采购成本已经接近1000元，算上天线、北斗用户卡等成本，一套北斗终端的生产成本至少2000元以上。这一切，在海聊科技发生了改变。从H3开始，海聊团队实现了核心部件自主研发及生产，从根本上大大节省了硬件终端的研发、生产成本，让北斗短报文通信设备的平民价格成为了可能。

北斗卫星网&互联网&手机短信网三网互通，出行永不失联

北斗海聊是一款“APP+硬件”产品，手机安装北斗海聊APP，连接北斗海聊设备，用户即可以通过北斗卫星网络向亲友发送短信。举例说，用户无论是在海上还是深山沙漠中也可以向家里的亲友发送信息，亲友也可以方便地在北斗海聊APP或手机短信里进行回复接收或回复，双方保持联系;当双方均处于无公网信号区域时，只要双方均有海聊设备，亦可实现双向的信息沟通。用户使用北斗海聊即可实现“三网”通，上山下海均不受“无信号”的影响，不再失联。

5-10米多模融合精准定位，支持26万个轨迹点存储​

H3的定位模块采用GPS、Glonass和Galileo多模卫星系统融合定位技术，实现5-10米精度定位，满足绝大多数情况下的定位需要。支持26万个轨迹点的储存，用户可以根据需要导出相应的轨迹数据进行使用，满足用户的各种位置数据使用需要。

极限位置追踪，远方关怀常在

当驴友行走危险性高的线路时，往往会令远方的亲友提心吊胆，他们恨不得时时刻刻都掌握到驴友的行走情况。H3已经完美解决这个问题。利用定位和北斗短报文通信，H3可实现极限位置追踪功能，开启该功能后，用户的位置信息将通过北斗卫星网络按设定的频度上报至海聊云端，获得用户授权的亲友可以随时登录云端查看用户的实时位置。一旦出现异常情况时，亲友可以快速定位到前线驴友的位置并实施救援，不仅让亲友更安心，也为出行驴友的人身安全提供保障。

SOS一键求救，贴心防误触设计

长按SOS键，用户预设的紧急联系人即会收到带有位置信息的求助消息，紧急联系人可根据收到的位置数据自行实施救援或者根据实际情况报警求援。那怎么保证SOS不是“狼来了”的虚报呢?H3的SOS键设有防误触保护盖，最大限度地避免了人为触发的情况出现。

一键报平安，远方心易安

出行在外，远方总有一些人挂念着你的安全。使用H3的报平安功能，用户不再需要掏出手机，甚至不必停下脚步，只需按下“报平安”键2秒，远方的亲友即可以收到附有用户位置数据的报平安消息，简单而实用。

2500mAh可拆卸锂电池

与目前便携设备机身电池一体化设计不同，H3采用了可电池拆卸设计。这可谓是海聊团队的用心良苦，户外驴友可以根据实际行程需要平衡负重和电池需求量，按需要自由配备电池能量。

语音播报，操作更方便，手机更省电

H3具有语音播报功能，当新消息来临或有其他的设备状态发出提醒时，可以通过语音方式进行播报提醒，而不必通过手机来进行查阅，使操作变得简单便捷，减少对手机的依赖，节省手机电量。

温度、气压传感器

为更好地监控设备工作状态，以及满足户外用户对气压的监测需要，H3还加入了温度和气压传感器。

在线固件升级

产品做得再好，也有优化的余地。北斗海聊APP通过蓝牙连接海聊设备后，会对设备固件进行自动更新。该功能的设计体现的正是海聊团队对产品的极致追求。

开放平台，让互联网产品可以快速接入北斗短报文功能

目前，海聊已经在广州，成都，西安等多地建设了多个北斗短报文收发基站，从硬件到平台具有完整的研发，生产和运维配套。具备了开放的基础和能力。9月2日，海聊和两步路户外助手共同宣布战略合作，是海聊对外开放合作的一个重要案例，通过北斗短报文通信与户外运动的结合，降低了户外应急通信的成本，增加应急救援的可行性。颜志威透露“海聊将会坚持开放分享的态度，此次H3也会开放SDK，与各合作方共享北斗短报文技术，拓展更多应用领域。”


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Beidouhai chat released new H3 998 yuan Beidou short message terminal sword refers to the civilian market
2016-09-13 09:18:00 Image Network Sharing participate
On September 12, Beidouhai, a brand of Haishang Technology, released the third generation Beidou short message communication terminal H3, which sold for 998 yuan, only 1/4 of the price of similar Beidou terminals. When Beidouhai talked about the heavy news of H3, it immediately caused a big shock in the Beidou industry and hot debates.
Located in the civilian market, the H3 is small in size, light in weight, stylish in appearance, built-in short message communication and satellite positioning module, equipped with temperature and air pressure sensors, and supports 260,000 track point storage and voice broadcast functions. This configuration is unique in the market. Both the price and the function have subverted the existing Beidou terminal. The release of Beidouhai Chat H3 means that the high-priced Beidou terminal has become a thing of the past, and it has a positive driving significance for the popularization of Beidou short message products. It will become a landmark milestone for the Beidou industry and the entire satellite communications industry.

It lasted 10 months, 8 versions were revised, and the sea chat team created a boutique H3​

The Haichao team has been developing H3 last year, which lasted for 9 months. After 8 versions of the revision, it became a boutique. Yan Zhiwei, founder and CEO of Haichao, said, "To be the ultimate mass-consumer Beidou short message product is the initial intention of him and the core team to establish a sea chat, and it is also the goal and direction of persistent efforts." Yan Zhiwei further explained, "Although modern communication is already very developed, there are still many seafarers and fishermen in the ocean who are unable to maintain contact with their families. It is a common occurrence in a few months or even a year and a half to lose contact with their families; The incident of casualties caused by the loss of friends on the land has also occurred from time to time. Short message communication is an excellent function of the Beidou system in China . It should be carried forward and popularized for civilian use, to solve the communication needs of friends and seafarers, fishermen and other groups. It can be said that the safety of the person can be guaranteed. Unfortunately, the Beidou terminal equipment in the past has a large size and weight, and the design does not meet the individual aesthetic requirements. The price is still high, and thousands of yuan is used to make the general public discouraged. The application of the Beidou short message has not been popularized by the general public."
Self-reliance is the best support for the feelings of sea chat
The popularization of the Beidou short message application requires the feeling of the sea chatter. And feelings, more need strength to support. The core team of Haichao Technology has been working in Beidou Communication and Internet for many years. It has rich technical accumulation in the design, development and production of Beidou chips, modules and terminals. It has rich technologies and projects in Internet communication technology, software system development and operation. experience. In the past, it is necessary to develop and produce a set of Beidou terminals. Only the Beidou module procurement cost of Beidou essay communication is close to 1,000 yuan, and the cost of a set of Beidou terminals is at least 2,000 yuan. All of this has changed in the sea chat technology. Starting from H3, the Haichao team realized the independent research and development and production of core components, which fundamentally greatly saved the R&D and production costs of hardware terminals, and made the civilian price of Beidou short message communication equipment possible.
Beidou Satellite Network & Internet & Mobile SMS Network, three networks interoperable, travel never lost
Beidouhai Chat is an “app+hardware” product. The mobile phone installs Beidouhai Chat APP and connects to Beidouhai chat device. Users can send text messages to relatives and friends through Beidou satellite network. For example, users can send messages to relatives and friends at home, whether in the sea or in the mountains. Friends and relatives can also conveniently receive or reply in Beidouhai chat APP or mobile phone text messages, and the two parties keep in touch; In the public network signal area, as long as both parties have a sea chat device, two-way information communication can also be realized. Users can use the Beidouhai chat to achieve the "three networks" pass, and the mountains and the sea are not affected by the "no signal", no longer lost.

5-10 meters multi-mode fusion precise positioning, support 260,000 track point storage​

H3's positioning module uses GPS, Glonass and Galileo multi-mode satellite system fusion positioning technology to achieve 5-10 meters precision positioning, meeting the positioning needs in most cases. Supporting the storage of 260,000 track points, users can export the corresponding track data according to their needs to meet the needs of users' various location data.
Extreme position tracking, distant care often
When a friend walks on a dangerous route, it often makes relatives and friends in the distance fearful. They can't wait to grasp the walking situation of their best friends all the time. H3 has solved this problem perfectly. With the positioning and Beidou short message communication, H3 can realize the extreme position tracking function. After the function is enabled, the user's location information will be reported to the sea chat cloud through the Beidou satellite network according to the set frequency, and the relatives and friends authorized by the user can be at any time. Log in to the cloud to see the user's real-time location. In the event of an abnormal situation, relatives and friends can quickly locate the position of the frontline friends and implement rescue, not only to make friends and relatives more secure, but also to provide protection for the personal safety of travel friends.
SOS one-click for help, intimate anti-missing design
Press and hold the SOS button, the user's default emergency contact will receive a help message with location information. The emergency contact can perform rescue according to the received location data or call for assistance according to the actual situation. So how to ensure that SOS is not a "wolf is coming" false report? H3's SOS button is equipped with an anti-missing protection cover to minimize the occurrence of artificial triggering.
One-click report is safe, far away
Traveling abroad, there are always people in the distance who are concerned about your safety. Using H3's report security function, the user no longer needs to pull out the mobile phone, and even does not have to stop, just press the "report safe" button for 2 seconds, the distant relatives and friends can receive the report security message with the user location data. Simple and practical.
2500mAh detachable lithium battery
Unlike the current integrated design of the portable device body battery, the H3 uses a battery-removable design. This can be said that the sea chat team has a good intention, outdoor friends can balance the load and battery demand according to the actual travel needs, freely equipped with battery energy as needed.
Voice broadcast, more convenient operation, more power-saving mobile phone
H3 has a voice broadcast function. When a new message arrives or there are other device status reminders, it can be broadcasted by voice, without having to check it through the mobile phone, making the operation simple and convenient, reducing the dependence on the mobile phone, saving Phone power.
Temperature and pressure sensor
In order to better monitor the working condition of the equipment and meet the needs of outdoor users to monitor the air pressure, H3 also added temperature and pressure sensors.
Online firmware upgrade
The products are doing well and there is room for optimization. After the Beidouhai Chat APP connects to the Haichao device via Bluetooth, the device firmware is automatically updated. The design of this function reflects the ultimate pursuit of the product by the Haichao team.
Open platform, allowing Internet products to quickly access Beidou short message function
At present, Haichao has built a number of Beidou short message receiving and transmitting base stations in Guangzhou, Chengdu, Xi'an and other places. From hardware to platform, it has complete R&D, production and operation and maintenance support. Have an open foundation and ability. On September 2, Hai Lian and the two-step outdoor assistant jointly announced the strategic cooperation. It is an important case for the opening and cooperation of the sea talks. Through the combination of Beidou short message communication and outdoor sports, the cost of outdoor emergency communication is reduced and increased. The feasibility of emergency rescue. Yan Zhiwei revealed that “Hai Teng will adhere to the attitude of open sharing. The H3 will also open the SDK and share the Beidou short message technology with various partners to expand more application areas.”

Disclaimer: This article represents only the author's personal opinion and has nothing to do with the World Wide Web. The originality and the text and content stated in the text have not been confirmed by this site. The website does not guarantee or promise the authenticity, completeness and timeliness of this article and all or part of the content and text. Please refer to the reader for reference only. Self-verify the relevant content.

 

[Tony Tan]

http://www.jinribeidou.com/news/detail/f2576ef053e5cea801544d99f7975ad9

北斗RDSS短报文科普攻略


来源：RDSS4WORLD 2016-04-25 21:26





小编有话：本文转载自微信号RDSS4WORLD，其专注北斗RDSS领域，意在推动RDSS广泛应用。作者老尹，中国北斗导航最早的1001名开创者之一，北斗导航地下、地面、太空、测试、管理的活儿全干过，是一线出身的北斗外史砖家和质量监督人士，现在经常请人“喝茶”。老龚，北斗科普义工，关注北斗RD成长18年，誓为北斗民用推广赴刀山火海，曾做梦买下北斗库存产品，让新技术尽快流入市场。从事RDSS工作或对RDSS感兴趣的你怎可错过？赶紧关注，与二老秉烛长谈！


首先进入一段情怀语录。

北斗RDSS集位置报告、短报文通信、高精度授时3大功能于一身，一机走遍天下。

北斗 PK GPS

1、国货，情怀，作为中国人，你选哪个？
2、位置报告，实用，北斗可以让妈妈知道我们在哪，当危险来临时，妈妈可以来救命，你选哪个？
3、免费卫星短信，实惠，驴友们无人区用卫星电话还是北斗，你选哪个？

中国人用中国货，我选北斗导航！


下面正式进入干货课程，请准备好笔记本。


1攻略1：为什么要用北斗RDSS？


有人会问，我们的手机不也是可以位置报告，也可以发短信，同时也能与网络实现时间同步吗？手机还能4G高速上网！支持视频和语音通话！

智能手机千八百块钱一个，北斗要3千多，我用不到！

但老尹提醒你，手机是靠基站通联的，基站设到哪里，手机才可以用到哪里。

而我国手机基站的覆盖情况怎么样呢？

上图是中国某地区的手机基站覆盖情况，可以看到，空白的地方还是不少的，手机基站主要集中覆盖在人口稠密地区，人烟稀少的地方和无人区域，手机基站并未，也不可能覆盖。

美国的手机基站覆盖也一样，不可能做到全土覆盖。

一旦有个啥天灾，你看看，有基站覆盖的地方也不一定可靠，基站受损，手机网络也可能瘫痪。

美国有一个铱星系统，你造吗？

没基站，可以用铱星电话啊！是的，可以用铱星卫星电话，但是铱星卫星电话一部要6000块，而且要求每月最低消费50美金，对，不使用也要交钱。使用成本还是蛮高的。

需要了解铱星系统情况，可以自行百度。海事卫星电话跟铱星电话一样，成本都比较高。都是些“看上去很美的”高大上的货，咱们普通老百姓，今儿个高兴不起来啊。

在没有公网信号的地方遇到紧急情况，北斗就会发挥它独有的特性：不依赖地面网络、一次投入、终身免费使用（可能部分运营商收取少量的增值服务费，如短信、微信路由，危险预警等信息服务）。

驴友、海员、骑行及户外工作者，当你遇险时，需要的是啥？赶紧把你的位置信息报出去，您就别挑了，救命要紧。带个北斗随时在身上，咱家人放心啊。

今天小编最新搜罗出了北斗海聊的团购，北斗蓝牙终端已经2千多？？？这价钱用上卫星，而且只是一次投资，没有后续费用，对老尹个人来说，其实还是可以接受的。


2攻略2：RDSS——北斗导航系统的亮点和优势所在



有人把北斗RDSS导航服务称为有源服务、RNSS导航服务称为无源服务，因为GPS、GLONASS、伽利略系统都是无源的，言下之意是不是“有源”的是低端的，“无源”的是高端的。实际上，“有源”和“无源”只是特征，从功能与性能上来讲两者各有利弊。

RDSS比RNSS实用，地面中心能够直接知道导航用户的位置信息，便于位置信息的获取、汇集和统筹利用。

而“无源”用户只有自己知道自己的位置。除非用户借助另外的通信系统才能把自己的位置发送出来。

所以北斗RDSS比较适合需要集中指挥调度行业的应用。

在汶川抗震救灾时，北斗发挥了生命线作用，救灾部队在震区通信完全中断的头几天里，充分利用北斗RDSS收集灾情，指挥救灾，在救灾最关键的黄金72小时里，成功救出和转移灾民近万人。

在我国东海南海的主要渔场，几万条渔船都已经装上了北斗RDSS卫星设备，渔民不仅能实时得到最新的鱼讯买卖信息，最新的台风预警信息，还能实现危险上报、越界报警、自救互救，作用大大滴。

此外，北斗还在智能交通、森林防火、农业精耕、电力监控、水文监测等诸多行业正在发挥着不可替代的作用。


3攻略3：怎么申请使用北斗RDSS


今天，跟大家一起研究一下，怎么申请使用北斗RDSS。

首先向大家介绍一个网站

没错，北斗RDSS的注册和使用由这个部门管理，中国卫星导航定位应用管理中心，China National Administration of GNSS and Applications，网址是www.chinabeidou.gov.cn。

从该网站里，我搜索到了北斗RDSS用户入网注册流程“关于采购北斗导航民用用户卡与办理用户入网注册流程的通知”这篇文章。

咱们在这里一起学习一下文件的主要精神。


各北斗导航民用分理运营单位：
为进一步规范北斗导航民用服务，我中心对北斗导航民用用户卡采购与民用用户入网注册流程进行了重新梳理。现将有关事项明确如下：
一、即日起，北斗导航民用用户卡（未注册卡）由各分理运营单位依据我中心发布的《北斗导航民用用户卡生产资质单位名录》自行采购，每单采购合同签订后，需报送我中心备案。民用用户卡单卡指导价格为不超过90元/张，具体价格由合同双方共同商议决定。
二、分理运营单位办理用户入网注册需向中国卫星导航定位应用管理中心提交正式申请（样例附后），申请受理并通过审批后，由卫星导航定位总站按照我中心任务通知免费开展用户入网注册工作。
三、北斗导航民用用户卡由各分理运营单位以成本价格配发用户，不得加价销售，未经批准不得擅自出租、转让已注册民用用户卡。我中心将组织督导检查，如发生以上行为，将依据《北斗导航民用服务资质监督管理办法》有关规定给予相应处罚。
四、北斗导航民用用户卡注册关系变更须由接收方分理运营单位向我中心提交民用用户卡转网注册申请（样例附后），转移方分理运营单位出具情况证明。


文件的下发对象是各北斗导航民用分理运营单位，那我们可以这么理解，大家想要用北斗，需要经过北斗导航民用分理运营单位，再向导航应用管理中心提出申请。

以上是网站公布的分理级服务单位，总共13家单位，那么我们要使用北斗RDSS需要联系他们。

此外，网站还公布了66家分理级试验单位名单，也就是说，找他们也是可以的。

如果你是大用户，按照网站的介绍，可以向他们申请成为分理级服务单位，成为北斗RDSS服务的代理商，开展应用推广服务。

北斗RDSS的使用，类似于手机的管理模式，对，很像。

首先，你要买个手机，这个手机一定要符合入网规范

上图的进网许可是手机的，北斗的入网许可是依据通知附件的“3. 北斗用户终端设备检测报告”，这个报告的编号是唯一的，如果你购买了一台没有经过检测的北斗RDSS设备，可能不能入网。

其次，你还要申请RDSS用户号，这个也类似于手机的号卡。


有了这两个东西，你把卡插在RDSS设备里面，就可以使用了。和手机一样使用。

上图是北斗模块插卡的地方



4攻略4：北斗RDSS的使用


1、姿势问题

对，北斗设备要对着卫星使用，在屋里，在高楼林立的城市里，在隧道里，北斗是用不了的，因为设备与北斗卫星建立不起联系。

北斗卫星在哪？

在赤道上空36000公里的位置，以110度为中心，每30度一颗，均匀分布。
在中国本土，用户设备要对着赤道上空，一般都在南边。以北京为例，设备要对着南向，仰角保持30-50度左右，如果使用地点靠南，仰角会再高一点。

上图中，绿色方框里面，201-205号5颗卫星，都是提供RDSS服务的卫星，仰角大概在13度-50度之间，方位角在123度-246度之间。

到底仰角和方位角具体是多少，你可以通过测试软件精确计算得到。

以后别在屋子里用不了北斗，就哭着喊着说北斗系统坏掉了。

2、使用频度问题

北斗在使用时，有个频度的要求，一般我们可以拿到的设备，使用频度基本是1分钟，也就是说，1分钟可以使用一次。如果你需要更高频度，可以在入网时提出特殊申请。

那，如果我的北斗卡频度是1分钟一次，我非要30秒使用一次会怎么样呢？

是你违约在先，系统就会拒绝为你提供服务，直到你的频度符合注册时的信息后，才能为你服务。

那我遇到险情了，还非要等待这个使用频度吗？

北斗的设计师们考虑到了用户应急使用的问题，专门设计了紧急服务功能，遇到险情，用户可以走绿色通道，不受频度的约束，当然，这个绿色通道也是受限制的，紧急服务只能超频度使用1次。用完绿色通道后，你要比平时多等1分钟，才能继续正常使用。

3、短信长度问题

北斗的短信每次分40、80、120个汉字等几个档次（具体要看设备使用说明书），超过了这个数字，你就要将内容拆分成多个信息，并按照频度的要求，分包发送。

4、使用中可能遇到的其他问题

为啥收不到信息？

例如：你在昨天北京使用了一次，今天已经飞到了喜马拉雅，那你收不到信息可能是正常的，你的用户信息可能还在北京，系统还是往北京那个区域发送信息，你不在北京周边的几百公里范围，可能是收不到信息的。

你需要操作设备，进行一次定位或者主动发送一次短信，跟系统完成“握手”。

系统就知道你在什么地方，就会调整资源通道，将属于你的信息发给你。

为啥手机就不需要任何操作就可以完成基站无缝切换？

因为手机定期自动跟基站“握手”，而北斗在不使用时，是不跟系统“握手”的。

为啥收不到信号？

这要区分两种情况

第一种情况就是你与卫星的直接连线上有遮挡，解决方法就是你需要避开遮挡物体。

第二种情况就是你附近有比较强的无线电信号干扰，你可以稍微走动走动，换个地方试试。（一般手机基站附近50米范围内可能会受到干扰）

今天就学习到这里，北斗系统并不是什么神秘莫测的东东，北斗设备的操作其实也很简单，只要你按照设备使用说明操作，你会享受到北斗RDSS可靠、稳定的服务。如你在使用过程中还有其他问题，欢迎找RDSS4WORLD咨询。



Beidou RDSS short message science popularization
Source: RDSS4WORLD 2016-04-25 21:26


Xiaobian has something to say: This article is reproduced from the micro-signal RDSS4WORLD, which focuses on the BDSS field of Beidou, and is intended to promote the widespread application of RDSS. Author Lao Yin, one of the earliest 1001 pioneers of China Beidou Navigation, Beidou navigation underground, ground, space, testing, management work all over, is a line of Beidou history brick home and quality supervision, now often please People "drink tea." Lao Gong, Beidou Science and Technology Volunteer, pays attention to the development of Beidou RD for 18 years, vowed to promote the Beidou civil use to go to the knife sea, and once dreamed of buying Beidou inventory products, so that new technology will flow into the market as soon as possible. How can you miss out on RDSS work or interest in RDSS? Hurry and pay attention to the long talk with Er Laobing!


First enter a sentimental quotation.

Beidou RDSS combines location reporting, short message communication, and high-precision timing with three functions in one machine.

Beidou PK GPS

1. Chinese goods, feelings , as a Chinese, which one do you choose?
2, location report, practical , Beidou can let mother know where we are, when the danger comes, mother can come to help, which one do you choose?
3, free satellite text messages, affordable , friends in the no-man's land with satellite phones or Beidou, which one do you choose?

Chinese people use Chinese goods, I choose Beidou navigation!


The following officially entered the dry goods course, please prepare your notebook.


1 Raiders 1: Why use Beidou RDSS?


Some people may ask, isn't our mobile phone also capable of location reporting, texting, and time synchronization with the network? Mobile phones can also 4G high-speed Internet access! Support video and voice calls!

One hundred and eight hundred dollars for a smart phone, and more than 3,000 for a Beidou, I can't use it!

But Lao Yin reminds you that the mobile phone is connected by the base station. Where is the base station, the mobile phone can be used.

What about the coverage of mobile phone base stations in China?

The above picture shows the coverage of mobile phone base stations in a certain area of China. It can be seen that there are still a lot of blank spaces. Mobile phone base stations are mainly concentrated in densely populated areas, sparsely populated areas and unmanned areas. Mobile phone base stations are not, and it is impossible. Coverage .

The coverage of mobile phone base stations in the United States is also the same, and it is impossible to achieve full coverage.

Once there is a natural disaster, you can see that there are places where the coverage of the base station is not necessarily reliable, the base station is damaged, and the mobile phone network may be paralyzed.

The United States has a comet system, do you make it?

No base station, you can use the Iridium phone! Yes, you can use the Iridium satellite phone, but the Iridium satellite phone has 6,000 pieces, and requires a minimum monthly fee of 50 dollars . Yes, you must pay if you don't use it. The cost of use is still quite high.

Need to understand the situation of the comet system, you can Baidu. Like the Iridium phone, the maritime satellite phone costs are relatively high. It’s all the goods that look “beautiful”, the ordinary people, we are not happy today.

In the event of an emergency where there is no public network signal, Beidou will play its unique characteristics: it does not rely on the ground network, one investment, and free lifetime use (may some operators charge a small amount of value-added service fees, such as SMS, WeChat routing , dangerous warning and other information services).

Friends, seafarers, cycling and outdoor workers , what do you need when you are in distress? Hurry and report your location information, you don't pick it, life-saving is important. With a Beidou at any time, my family is relieved.

Today, Xiaobian recently collected a group purchase from Beidouhai. The Beidou Bluetooth terminal has more than 2,000? ? ? This price is on the satellite, and it is only an investment, there is no follow-up fee, for Lao Yin personally, it is actually acceptable.


2 Raiders 2: RDSS - Highlights and advantages of Beidou navigation system



Some people refer to Beidou RDSS navigation service as active service and RNSS navigation service as passive service. Because GPS, GLONASS and Galileo systems are passive, the implication is that "active" is low-end. "Passive" is high-end. In fact, "active" and "passive" are just features, both of which have advantages and disadvantages in terms of function and performance.

RDSS is more practical than RNSS . The ground center can directly know the location information of navigation users, and facilitate the acquisition, collection and overall utilization of location information.

And "passive" users only know their own location. Unless the user can use another communication system to send their location.

Therefore, Beidou RDSS is more suitable for applications that require centralized command and dispatch industry.

In the earthquake relief work in Wenchuan, Beidou played a lifeline role. In the first few days of the complete interruption of the earthquake zone, the disaster relief team made full use of the Beidou RDSS to collect the disaster situation and direct the disaster relief. In the 72 hours of the most critical gold for disaster relief, it successfully rescued and transferred. Nearly 10,000 people have been affected.

In the main fishing grounds of the South China Sea in the East China Sea, tens of thousands of fishing boats have been equipped with the Beidou RDSS satellite equipment. The fishermen can not only get the latest information on fishery trading in real time, but also the latest typhoon warning information, and can also achieve dangerous reporting, cross-border warning and self-help. Mutual rescue, the role is greatly reduced.

In addition, Beidou is playing an irreplaceable role in many industries such as intelligent transportation, forest fire prevention, agricultural intensive cultivation, power monitoring, and hydrological monitoring.


3 Raiders 3: How to apply for the use of Beidou RDSS


Today, I will study with you how to apply for the Beidou RDSS.

First introduce a website to everyone

Yes, the registration and use of Beidou RDSS is managed by this department, China National Administration of GNSS and Applications, www.chinabeidou.gov.cn.

From this website, I searched the article about the Beidou RDSS user registration process “Notice on purchasing the Beidou navigation civil user card and handling the user registration process”.

Let's learn about the main spirit of the document here.


Each Beidou navigation civil division operating unit:
In order to further standardize the Beidou navigation civil service, our center has reorganized the Beidou navigation civil user card procurement and civil user registration process. The relevant matters are now as follows:
1. From now on, the Beidou Navigation Civil User Card (unregistered card) will be purchased by each divisional operation unit according to the “Beidou Navigation Civil User Card Production Qualification List” issued by our center. After each purchase contract is signed, it must be submitted. My center has filed. The price of the civil user card single card guide is not more than 90 yuan / piece, the specific price is decided by both parties.
2. The divisional operation unit shall submit a formal application to the China Satellite Navigation and Positioning Application Management Center for the registration of the user's network access (the sample is attached). After the application is accepted and approved, the satellite navigation and positioning station will conduct the user's access to the network free of charge according to the notification of the center. Register for work.
3. The Beidou Navigation Civil User Card shall be distributed by the various operating units at a cost price, and shall not be sold at a higher price. The registered civil user card shall not be rented or transferred without approval. Our center will organize supervision and inspection. If the above acts occur, the relevant penalties will be imposed according to the relevant provisions of the “Beidou Navigation Civil Service Qualification Supervision and Management Measures”.
4. The change of the registration relationship of the Beidou navigation civil user card shall be submitted by the receiving party to the operating unit to submit a registration application for the transfer of the civil user card to the center (the sample is attached), and the transfer party shall issue the proof of the operation of the operating unit.


The documents are issued to the civil operation units of each Beidou navigation. We can understand this. If you want to use Beidou, you need to go through the Beidou navigation civil operation unit and apply to the Navigation Application Management Center.

The above is the divisional service unit published on the website, a total of 13 units, then we need to contact them to use Beidou RDSS.

In addition, the website also published a list of 66 research-level test units, which means that it is also possible to find them.

If you are a big user, according to the introduction of the website, you can apply to become a divisional service unit, become an agent of Beidou RDSS service, and carry out application promotion services.

The use of Beidou RDSS is similar to the management mode of mobile phones, right, much like.

First of all, you have to buy a mobile phone, this mobile phone must comply with the network access specification.

The network access license in the above figure is the mobile phone. The Beidou's network access license is based on the “3. Beidou User Terminal Equipment Test Report” attached to the notice. The number of this report is unique. If you purchase an untested Beidou RDSS. The device may not be able to access the network.

Second, you also need to apply for the RDSS user number, which is similar to the phone number card.


With these two things, you can use the card in the RDSS device. Use it like a mobile phone.

The picture above is the place where the Beidou module is inserted.



4 Raiders 4: The use of Beidou RDSS


1, posture problem

Yes, the Beidou equipment should be used against the satellite. In the house, in the city with high buildings, the Beidou is not used in the tunnel because the equipment cannot be connected with the Beidou satellite.

Where is the Beidou satellite?

At a position of 36,000 kilometers above the equator, it is evenly distributed every 30 degrees at a center of 110 degrees.
In China, the user equipment is facing the equator, usually in the south. Take Beijing as an example, the equipment should be facing the south, and the elevation angle should be around 30-50 degrees. If the location is south, the elevation angle will be higher.

In the above picture, in the green box, there are 5 satellites, 201-205, which are satellites that provide RDSS services. The elevation angle is between 13 degrees and 50 degrees, and the azimuth is between 123 degrees and 246 degrees.

What exactly is the elevation and azimuth, you can accurately calculate it through the test software.

In the future, if you don't use Beidou in the house, you will cry and say that the Beidou system is broken.

2, the frequency of use

When Beidou is used, there is a frequency requirement. Generally, the equipment that we can get is usually used for 1 minute , that is, it can be used once in 1 minute. If you need more high frequency, you can make a special application when you enter the network.

Then, if my Beidou card frequency is 1 minute, what should I do if I have to use it once in 30 seconds?

If you default, the system will refuse to provide services for you until your frequency meets the information at the time of registration.

Then I am in danger, do I have to wait for this frequency of use?

Beidou's designers have taken into account the user's emergency use problem. They have specially designed emergency service functions . In case of danger, users can take the green channel without being bound by frequency. Of course, this green channel is also restricted. Emergency service only Can be used once for overclocking. After running out of the green channel, you have to wait an extra minute longer than usual to continue normal use.

3, SMS length problem

Beidou's text messages are divided into 40, 80, and 120 Chinese characters each time (depending on the equipment manual). If you exceed this number, you will split the content into multiple information and follow the frequency requirements. Subcontracting is sent.

4. Other problems you may encounter during use

Why can't you receive information?

For example: You used it once in Beijing yesterday. Today you have already flown to the Himalaya. It may be normal for you to receive no information. Your user information may still be in Beijing. The system still sends information to the area in Beijing. You are not in Beijing. Within a few hundred kilometers, it may not be able to receive information.

You need to operate the device, perform a positioning or send a text message actively , and complete the "handshake" with the system.

The system knows where you are, it will adjust the resource channel and send you the information that belongs to you.

For the mobile phone, you can complete the seamless switching of the base station without any operation.

Because the mobile phone automatically "handshake" with the base station on a regular basis, and the Beidou does not use it, it does not "handshake" with the system.

Why can't you receive the signal?

This is to distinguish between two situations

The first case is that you have occlusion on the direct connection to the satellite. The solution is to avoid the obstruction.

The second case is that there is a strong radio signal interference near you. You can move around a little and try another place. (There may be interference within 50 meters of the general mobile phone base station)

Learned here today, the Beidou system is not a mysterious Dongdong. The operation of the Beidou equipment is actually very simple. As long as you follow the equipment instructions, you will enjoy the reliable and stable service of Beidou RDSS. If you have other questions during use, please feel free to contact RDSS4WORLD.

 

[eatshitndie]

tiong tank lost wheel in 2016 army games' tank biathlon. chio kah peng. rotflmao.

 

[Tony Tan]

PLA is world's 1st, and currently still the only power, actively deployed and tested with ICBM / IRBM anti-ship anti-carrier technologies. Coming into the scene now are Putin & Rouhani, both also aiming at the same targets = Dotard's aircraft carrier battle groups.

Putin is using his most accurate and versatile Iskander IRBM, which's accuracy & speed is proven and most suitable. Russia had this already converted to a version launched from MiG-31, Tu-160, & Tu-22. The adaptation to air launching from a truck launching IRBM is a piece of cake for Putin. Iskander-K can whack 5500km range.

For Russians, their only issue is to track the moving ship targets, and update the tracking to the warhead. Especially for the final hypersonic KILL-DIVE, this is the most crucial Hit/Miss factor.

For Iranians, their purpose is area denial to Dotard's fleet @Gulf. Keeping Dotard's ships off their effective attack range. If Dotard want to attack he is handicapped counting on refuel limitations. Dotard can not afford to risk even if Iranian missile were inaccurate or can be intercepted, the FACE is too much to lose, to even get fired at.

It is Iconic representation of US Navy losing it's global advantage. When carriers became unsafe to stay near to war zone, Pentagon no longer need to build any carriers, simply lost their fist of bully.










http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-08-15/doc-ihhtfwqr3846763.shtml


US media: Russia wants to use the Iskander missile to fight the aircraft to emulate China's Dongfeng 26
August 15, 2018, 09:49, World Wide Web


0

China Dongfeng-26 ballistic missile

Russia's "Iskander" missile system
[Global Times comprehensive report] Russia's "Iskander" missile may become the latest "aircraft carrier killer." According to the US "National Interests" website reported on the 13th, after China developed a long-range anti-ship ballistic missile that is considered a "carrier killer", Russia now hopes to use the "Iskander" missile to accomplish the same task.
Russian media reported that in late July and early August, the Russian army carried out two simulated electronic launches of the "Iskander" missile to ships on the Black Sea.
So, what kind of missile does Russia simulate to launch? "Iskander" is a vehicle-mounted mobile missile that can launch multiple types of missiles. The Iskander-M is a single-stage ballistic missile capable of loading conventional or nuclear warheads with a range of 500 kilometers. The Russian media described that the Russian army could use the "Iskander" missile system to launch the anti-ship version of the R-500 ("Iskander-K") cruise missile, which has a range of 500 kilometers and can be used for attacks. The main launch platforms for the US precision-guided weapons, the Ticonderoga-class cruiser and the Burke-class guided missile destroyer.
According to the National Interest website, anti-ship cruise missiles can fly to targets at a speed of 2,000 kilometers per hour, and they can fly at altitudes of 5-10 meters above the water surface, which means that it is almost impossible to use any type of sea-based anti-missile system. Hit it. The missile's warhead is between 200 and 500 kilograms, the lighter warhead is used against the destroyer, and the heavier warhead is used against the cruiser.
The article said that the information sent by the Russians sounds familiar. China has copied many Russian weapons, and now Russia may begin to learn about the technology of "aircraft carrier killers" from China. China’s “Dongfeng-26” missile has caused the US Navy to worry about the safety of its aircraft carrier. However, the range of the "Dongfeng-26" missile is much larger than the range of "Iskander". A missile such as the "Iskander-K" may be a shore-based defensive weapon that is useful in closed waters such as the Baltic Sea or the Black Sea. It can allow the Russian military to block NATO ships from being too close to Russian territory. ▲ (Heavy)

http://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-08-15/doc-ihhtfwqr3846763.shtml

美媒：俄欲用伊斯坎德尔导弹打航母 效仿中国东风26

2018年08月15日 09:49 环球网



0

中国东风-26弹道导弹

俄罗斯的“伊斯坎德尔”导弹系统
[环球时报综合报道]俄罗斯“伊斯坎德尔”导弹可能成为最新的“航母杀手”。据美国《国家利益》网站13日报道，中国开发了被视为“航母杀手”的远程反舰弹道导弹之后，如今俄罗斯希望利用“伊斯坎德尔”导弹完成同样的任务。
俄媒报道说，在7月下旬和8月初，俄罗斯军队向位于黑海上的船只进行了两次“伊斯坎德尔”导弹的模拟电子发射。
那么，俄罗斯究竟模拟发射哪种导弹呢？“伊斯坎德尔”是一种车载移动发射的导弹，可以发射多种型号导弹。“伊斯坎德尔-M”是一种单级弹道导弹，可装载常规或核弹头，射程为500公里。而俄媒体描述说，俄军可以使用“伊斯坎德尔”导弹系统发射反舰版本的R-500（“伊斯坎德尔-K”）巡航导弹，这款导弹射程为500公里，可用于攻击“提康德罗加”级巡洋舰与“伯克”级导弹驱逐舰这两类美国精确制导武器主要发射平台。
《国家利益》网站称，反舰巡航导弹可以每小时2000公里的速度飞向目标，它们可在水面之上5-10米的高度飞行，这意味着几乎不可能用任何类型海基反导系统击中它。这种导弹的战斗部为200公斤至500公斤，较轻的战斗部用来对付驱逐舰，而较重的战斗部则用来对付巡洋舰。
文章称，俄方发出的信息听起来很熟悉。中国仿制了很多俄罗斯武器，如今俄罗斯也可能开始向中国学习“航母杀手”的相关技术。中国的“东风-26”导弹让美国海军对自身航母的安全感到担忧。不过，“东风-26”导弹的射程比“伊斯坎德尔”的射程大得多。像“伊斯坎德尔-K”这样的导弹，可能是在波罗的海或黑海等封闭水域中才有用的岸基防御武器，能够让俄军阻止北约舰艇，使其不会离俄领土太近。▲（任 重）

 

[Tony Tan]

Putin put his Kremlin Roof Top Design on top of his next BIG NUKE DESTROYER project #23560

It is super powerful, beating Xijinping's type 055. Putin's 23560 is nuclear powered and ready to fire exceeding 200 missiles, including the most lethal ace nukes, that are unstoppable.







There is no problem any more for Putin to build now because Xijinping already sold to and installed for Putin, the whole set of advanced giant shipyard good enough for building nuke carriers. This is @ the new Red Star Yard company very near to Vladivostok.