Re: 5.56mm ball is not enough for muslim terrorists, when will SAF change to 7.62mm b
http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/The Next Generation.htm
PROBLEMS WITH 5.56mm AMMUNITION
British foot patrols were initially equipped only with 5.56 guns; the L85A2 rifle, L86A2 Light Support Weapon, and L110A1 Minimi Para light machine gun. These fire the standard NATO ball ammunition, designated SS109 (M855 in US service). However, this ammunition has proved inadequate at long range. Whatever performance they may demonstrate on a firing range, a combination of battle experience and the testing of ammunition terminal effectiveness has led to a judgment that the rifle is effective only up to about 300 metres, the light machine gun only 200-300 metres because of its short barrel. What this means is that more than half the small-arms engagements take place beyond the effective range of the standard British infantry rifle, and about 70% of the engagements are beyond the effective range of short-barrelled carbines like the M4.
The second problem with 5.56 ammunition is its lack of suppressive effect. On most occasions when British foot patrols have come under fire, they never saw their attackers; the Taliban are skilled at selecting concealed positions for ambush. So the soldiers returned fire in the hope of pinning down the enemy long enough for heavier weapons to be brought to bear. Field testing has revealed that the suppressive effect of a small-arms bullet is directly proportional to the loudness of the sonic bang it generates, and in turn that is directly proportional to its size. 5.56 bullets have only half the suppressive radius of 7.62 fire, exacerbated by the fact that the little bullets are more affected by wind drift and therefore less likely to get close to the target at long range. This is supported by battlefield reports that the Taliban take little notice of 5.56 suppressive fire.
This lack of effective range and suppressive effect are the two major concerns with 5.56 ammunition which have been reported by the British Army, but there have also been complaints about two other issues which have long been highlighted in the USA and widely reported: erratic terminal effectiveness, even within its effective range, and poor barrier penetration. Erratic terminal effectiveness is mainly due to the fact that, while the M855 bullet is capable of inflicting incapacitating injuries at shorter ranges, it frequently does not yaw rapidly on impact but may instead pass through most of the body point-first. When this happens, it will inflict a relatively minor injury unless it hits a vital organ and will potentially continue on its course to strike innocent bystanders. There is anecdotal evidence aplenty of erratic effectiveness in combat (for example in an article in early 2011 in the Royal Marines' magazine, Globe and Laurel, which commented that it could take up to 15 hits to stop an attacker at close range), and this has been confirmed by laboratory testing, which reveals that 85% of the bullets do not start to yaw until they have penetrated at least 120mm - which could take them most of the way through a body. Problems with penetrating intermediate barriers such as walls or car doors and even windscreens have also been confirmed in laboratory testing. THIS 2008 presentation by Dr Roberts detailed these problems and illustrated the results of laboratory testing. The commander of the German troops in Afghanistan made similar complaints in 2009 about the poor effectiveness and barrier penetration of 5.56 ammunition. Interestingly, the British Army recently adopted a semi-automatic shotgun to provide more reliable close-range effectiveness than 5.56 weapons.
A 2009 analysis by Major Thomas P. Ehrhart, United States Army, of the performance of US Army small arms in Afghanistan makes similar points to the British studies concerning typical engagement ranges and the limited effective range of 5.56mm weapons, and also stresses the importance of marksmanship training. In 2010 the US Army's Soldier Weapons Assessment Team carried out interviews with soldiers in theatre to discover any issues. The need for their carbines to be effective beyond 500 metres was one of the key requests from troops. The 7.62 M14 Enhanced Battle Rifle is proving so popular that the troops want it to be an organic part of squad equipment. And the 7.62 MK48 light machine gun is increasingly being carried instead of the 5.56 M249: as the Team put it; "lethality trumps weight reduction when extended ranges are required".
Not everyone agrees that 5.56mm weapons have such a short effective range: some proponents argue that in good conditions they can be effective to 500m in the hands of well-trained soldiers - although the ballistic graphs later in this article demonstrate that they will have a much harder job hitting targets than with larger-calibre weapons.. However, there are indications that the engagement ranges in Afghanistan are if anything becoming longer: THIS article in the American Rifleman states that: "U.S. Army data....reveals that more than half of the war’s small arms engagements are now beyond 500 meters, with the enemy employing heavier weapons and then withdrawing before air support or artillery fire can arrive".
These shortcomings mean that British foot patrols now carry 7.62mm weapons in place of some of their 5.56 guns; the very effective L7A2 GPMG (similar to the US Army's M240) and the new L129A1 sharpshooter rifle, of which 440 were purchased early in 2010 as an Urgent Operational Requirement specifically to overcome the lack of range of 5.56mm weapons (more have since been purchased). The problem with the GPMG is that both the gun and its ammunition are very heavy; most unwelcome given that reducing the burden of around 60 kg (132 lbs) worn and borne by the infantryman in patrol order is one of the top equipment priorities of the British Army. The Army is therefore planning to adopt lighter 7.62 machine guns for at least some purposes - the 7.62mm version of the FN MINIMI having been selected - which will match the characteristics of the Russian PKM. Little can be done for now about the weight of the ammunition, however; a key issue with belt-fed machine guns.
US forces have recently adopted new 5.56mm ammunition with the aim of replacing the M855. In mid-2010 the US Army started to field the M855A1 EPR (Enhanced Performance Round, previously known as the LFS - Lead Free Slug), while the USMC selected in early 2010 the MK318 Mod 0 SOST (Special Operations Science & Technology). Both rounds are claimed to offer better performance from short-barrelled carbines, improved barrier penetration and more reliable terminal effectiveness. The M855A1 also penetrates more armour and contains no lead. While final verdicts must await combat experience, these new rounds may resolve the M855's penetration and effectiveness issues, but as their exterior ballistics more or less match the M855 they will not eliminate the need for larger-calibre small arms to cover the longer ranges.