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Following the abortive 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt against President Mikhail Gorbachev, Vladimir Putin officially resigned from the KGB. Disillusioned with the political turn of events as the Soviet Union collapsed, Putin briefly returned to civilian life, and might have even have taken a job as a taxi driver according to a 2021 article in the UK's Guardian newspaper. Meanwhile, Boris Yeltsin became the first president of the new Russian Federation.
In 1994, Putin served as first deputy chairman of the Saint Petersburg city government, as well as chairman of the committee for external relations. By 1997, he was its leader.
Putin's political career received a boost in 1997 when Boris Yeltsin appointed him deputy chief of the Presidential Staff, a post which he retained until May 1998. Later that year, the Russian president handed Putin the role of Director of the Federal Security Service (FSB), the primary intelligence and security organization of the Russian Federation and the successor to the KGB.
On August 9, 1999, Vladimir Putin was appointed acting Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. Yeltsin also confirmed that he regarded Putin as his successor. By the end of the day, the new prime minister announced his intention to run for president.
Putin's first presidential term saw the Russian Federation embroiled in a brutal war in Chechnya. During a visit to London, his first foreign trip since his election victory, Putin defended his country's involvement in the conflict, as outlined by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
On March 14, 2004, Putin was elected to the presidency for a second term. The Russian economy was buoyant and there was a noticeable increase in overall living standards. Later that year in September, Islamist fighters seized a school in Beslan, southern Russia. A total of 334 hostages were killed, over half of them children.
In 2005, Reuters repeated President Putin's description of the collapse of the Soviet Union as the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe" of the 20th century.
The Russian Constitution barred Putin from a third consecutive term as president. In 2008, First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, a Putin ally, was elected his successor. But in a power-switching operation, Putin was appointed prime minister.
In August 2008, Russia fought and won a short war with Georgia, which lost two breakaway regions controlled by Russian separatists, the Republic of South Ossetia and the Republic of Abkhazia.
In 2012, Putin retuned to the presidency for an unprecedented third term after extending presidential terms to six from four years. Opposition groups accused Putin of electoral fraud, and large anti-Putin demonstrations took place in Moscow and elsewhere.
In February 2014, Russia began annexing Ukraine's Crimea region in response to Ukrainian protesters ousting of the country’s Russia-friendly president Viktor Yanukovych. Putin is pictured attending a military parade on May 9, 2014 in Sevastopol, Russia.
In April, the conflict escalated with a pro-Russian separatist uprising breaking out in eastern Ukraine, across the Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Pictured: a pro-Russian protester guards a barricade outside the regional state administration building in the eastern Ukrainian city of Donetsk.
On July 17, 2014, midway through a flight from Amsterdam to Malaysia, a passenger plane was shot down over the war-torn Ukraine-Russia border. All 295 passengers and crew died.
Putin won a landslide victory in March 2018, securing more than 76% of the vote to remain president for a fourth term, with a mandate to stay in office until 2024. He's seen here during the same month at a rally and concert celebrating the fourth anniversary of Russia's annexation of Crimea at Manezhnaya Square in Moscow.
In this Kremlin Press Office handout image, President Vladimir Putin is seen on February 22, 2022 addressing the Russian people and declaring that "Ukraine was an inalienable part of our own history, culture and spiritual space." The narrative served as a prelude to invasion.
After officially recognizing the independence of Moscow-backed rebel regions in eastern Ukraine, Putin in a televised address announced a "special military operation" in the Ukraine, launching a full-scale invasion.