Mohammed Deif has eluded Israeli intelligence for decades. Now it appears he is being hunted
By
Lucia Stein and
Lucy Sweeney
Posted 16h ago16 hours ago, updated 12h ago12 hours ago
An undated handout photo shows Mohammed Deif, the chief of Hamas' military wing.(AFP)
Share this article
abc.net.au/news/israel-gaza-war-hunt-for-hamas-commanders/102961912
Link copied
COPY LINKSHARE
While armed Hamas militants were riding into Israel on motorbikes and paragliders, some of the men who run the organisation sat safely more than 1,700 kilometres away.
Video that has been shared widely on social media shows several Hamas leaders watching television coverage of the brutal attack from inside a sleek office in Doha, Qatar.
Hamas chief Ismail Haniyeh, Saleh al-Arouri, and other members of the group's leadership feign surprise at tv clips showing the large-scale assault on southern Israel.
pic.twitter.com/b04DW9uniM
— Joe Truzman (@JoeTruzman)
October 7, 2023
As Al Jazeera Arabic showed footage of Jeeps crossing the border into Israel, the men gathered to perform a prostration of gratitude, praising the "victory".
The brutal attack on Israeli villages near Gaza last week, in which terrorists targeted revellers at a music festival and kidnapped children and grandmothers to be held as hostages, killed more than 1,300 people and left 3,200 injured.
In retaliation, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu vowed to "crush and destroy" Hamas, declaring every member is "a dead man".
Israel has launched a series of air strikes that has flattened parts of Gaza City and left at least 2,200 dead and more than 8,700 injured. A further 54 Palestinians have died in the West Bank, with 1,100 wounded there.
LIVE: Stay across the latest on what's happening today with the Israel-Gaza war
The Israel Defense Forces' top spokesman Rear Admiral Daniel Hagari has said the
killing of senior Hamas members is a "top priority".
But analysts have said tracking down these leaders will be complicated, and even if Israel is able to "eliminate" its targets, there is no guarantee it will bring an end to this war.
The shadowy figures believed to be behind the Hamas attack
The leadership structure of Hamas is a complicated arrangement, split into a political wing and a militant arm, known as Al Qassam Brigades.
US-based research analyst Joe Truzman, from the Foundation for Defense of Democracy's Long War Journal, says while the group delineates these roles, "in reality … those two are intertwined".
Al Qassam Brigades, officially established in 1991, are comprised of "compartmentalised cells that specialised in terrorist attacks, assassinations and kidnappings inside Israel", according to a
review by the Australian Parliamentary Joint Committee on Intelligence and Security.
It is led by
Mohammed Deif and his deputy commander
Marwan Issa.
At the top of the political wing sits Ismail Haniyeh, who oversees the political bureau from a base in Qatar, and
Yahya Sinwar, who is head of Hamas affairs in the Gaza Strip.
Ismail Haniyeh (left) is the chief of the Hamas political bureau, while Yahya Sinwar (right) is the group's leader in the Gaza Strip. (AP: Khalil Hamra)
Information about last weekend's operation was reportedly known only to a handful of Hamas leaders in order to keep the element of surprise.
"This battle was very secretive; the planning and execution were kept secret," Hamas representative
Ali Barakeh told NPR.
"The zero hour was confidential, and no-one outside of Hamas knew about it."
NEWS EXPLAINED
What is Hamas?
Founded in 1987, Hamas is an Islamist political and paramilitary group formed as an offshoot of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood, and backed by Iran. It opposes Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, advocates for the establishment of an Islamic state and does not recognise Israel’s right to exist.
NEWS EXPLAINED
What is the Gaza Strip?
The Gaza Strip, along with the West Bank, is one of the two major pieces of land that make up the Palestinian territories. It has been either directly occupied or blockaded by Israel since 1967. Internally, Hamas has held power since 2007, when it ousted its rival Fatah during a brief civil war. Home to more than 2.3 million people, the tiny territory is one of the most densely populated places in the world.
NEWS EXPLAINED
Why are Israel and Hamas at war now?
The cross-border terror attack by Hamas followed weeks of heightened tensions between Gaza and Israel, as well as heavy fighting in the Israeli-occupied West Bank. Hamas military leader Mohammed Deif said the attack was a response to Gaza's 16-year blockade as well as Israeli incursions at the al-Aqsa mosque.
1 / of3
A source close to the militant group has since
told Reuters the decision to prepare the offensive was taken jointly by Deif and Sinwar, but they said it was clear who was the architect of the operation.
"There are two brains, but there is one mastermind," the source said.
It was Deif who briefly stepped out of the shadows last weekend to announce the start of what Hamas dubbed Al Aqsa Storm, which he said was triggered by scenes and footage of Israel storming the Al Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem during Ramadan.
The rare address was a signal that something major was afoot.
"Today the rage of Al Aqsa, the rage of our people and nation is exploding. Our mujahedin [militants], today is your day to make this criminal understand that his time has ended," Deif said in a recording that was broadcast on Arab media.
Mr Truzman said while it's clear Deif and Issa would have been closely involved, the leaders on the so-called political side of the organisation would almost certainly have been aware of the plan.
"They would be a part of the decision-making to do something like this. [An attack of this scale] would require the top echelon to be involved," he said.
Palestinian Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh speaks to the media in 2006.(AP: Adel Hana)
Israel's most wanted man
There are already signs that efforts are underway to target senior figures within Gaza.
The IDF claimed yesterday to have eliminated two Hamas militants who allegedly played central roles in the attack.
They named Ali Qadi, a leader of the 'Nukhba' commando unit that led the attack, and Merad Abu Merad, the head of the Hamas aerial system.
Earlier this week, two Israeli air strikes targeted Deif's family home in the southern town of Khan Younis.
His current whereabouts are unknown, but the strike did kill his father, brother and at least two other relatives,
a Hamas official told the Associated Press.
Deif is regarded as a shadowy figure even within Hamas, and is rarely spotted in public.
He has been on
Israel's most wanted list for more than two decades after orchestrating the killing of Israeli soldiers, but has managed to survive multiple assassination attempts, earning him the nickname
the "the cat with nine lives".
Read more about the Israel Gaza war:
After joining Hamas in the late 1980s, he quickly climbed the ranks of the organisation, crafting a reputation as a bomb maker as well as developing the group's warren of tunnels through which highly trained militants can hide and move equipment.
Few are believed to have met the mysterious figure, who is said to be a master of disguise.
He is believed to have adopted the name Deif, which translates to Guest in Arabic in a nod to his nomadic lifestyle, after joining Hamas.
"He's very quiet. He keeps a low profile and lives hidden among the population. He moves with different passports and different identities," Imad Falouji, a former senior Hamas leader who helped found Al Qassam Brigade,
told the Washington Post in 2014.
"He's successful until now because the circle around him is very small. That is why he is still alive."
But Deif hasn't escaped unscathed, losing an eye and suffering leg injuries as a result of previous attempts on his life.
He also lost his wife, three-year-old daughter and seven-month-old son in an Israeli air strike in 2014.
Mohammed Deif's wife, Widad Mustafa Deif, was killed along with her 8-month-old son in Israeli strikes in Gaza in 2014.(AP: Khalil Hamra)
The forged passport assassination case that saw a diplomat expelled
Israel has a long history of targeting
Hamas's leadership, both within Gaza and abroad.
In 2003,
Ismail Abu Shanab, who was regarded as a key decision-maker within Hamas, was killed when Israeli helicopters fired five missiles at his car in Gaza City.
Weeks later, Hamas co-founder
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin and his protege Haniyeh, the current political chief, narrowly escaped death when an Israeli missile struck the Gaza City apartment building where they were meeting.
Yassin was killed the following year in a
Hellfire missile strike as he was leaving his mosque after early morning prayers.
The spiritual leader of Hamas, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, was killed in 2004.(Reuters: Ahmed Jadallah)
His co-founder
Abdel Aziz Rantisi, known as "the Lion of Palestine", was also killed in 2004 by Israel's military in a helicopter strike on the car he was travelling in with his son and bodyguard.
Assassinations have also taken place overseas, sometimes attracting international attention and sparking diplomatic rifts.
In 2010, Dubai police believed a team of 26 Mossad agents travelled to Dubai in the United Arab Emirates and killed the co-founder of Al Qassam Brigades, Mahmoud al-Mabhouh in his hotel room.
The assassins were accused of using forged foreign passports to enter the country, including three documents bearing the names of dual Australian-Israeli citizens.
All 26 escaped before Dubai police concluded their investigation, but the prime minister at the time,
Kevin Rudd, expelled an unnamed Israeli diplomat over the incident.
"The Israelis got out of the country and they botched the operation and the person they were trying to get, al-Mabhouh, was killed," says Ian Parameter, a Middle East specialist at the Australian National University’s Centre for Arab & Islamic Studies.
Israel was also accused of the attempted assassination of Khaled Mashal, a former leader of Hamas, in Jordan in 1997.
The Palestinian man was walking down a street in the capital city of Amman, when Mossad agents
allegedly sprayed poison in his ear in retribution for a series of suicide attacks.
''I felt a loud noise in my ear,'' Mashal
said in an interview with the New York Times at a Hamas house.
''It was like a boom, like an electric shock. Then I had shivering sensation in my body like an electric shock.''
Khaled Mashal, then the head of Hamas, survived an assassination attempt in 1997.(AP: Bassem Tellawi)
He quickly slipped into a coma and spent four days recovering in hospital, sparking a diplomatic showdown between Jordan and Israel that threatened to derail Mr Netanyahu's peace talks with Arab countries.
Israel was eventually forced to apologise and hand over a lifesaving antidote, allowing Mashal to walk away from the incident with his health and leadership intact.
'Hamas has ways of moving around and escaping'
Israel may want to "decapitate the overall leadership" of Hamas, but how it plans to do that is unclear, according to Mr Parameter, who has served as Australia's ambassador to Lebanon.
"Israel has been somewhat vague about it … it has said it is going to eliminate Hamas, Gaza will never be the same and Hamas will be destroyed as an organisation," he said.
"Well, they're very different things."
Despite being a tiny enclave that is a quarter of the size of Hobart, Gaza is home to more than 2 million people and is a "very difficult place to find people".
Palestinians walk through the rubble of buildings destroyed by Israeli air strikes in Gaza City.(AP: Hassan Eslaiah)
In 2006, a young IDF soldier named Gilad Shalit was kidnapped by Hamas while on patrol near the Gaza border.
"The Israelis, with all the intelligence that they have in Gaza, were simply unable to pinpoint [where he was] and if they had, they would have sent in some special forces to try to get him out," Mr Parameter said.
In the end, Shalit was held hostage for five years before he was eventually released in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners.
Joost Hiltermann, the International Crisis Group's program director of Middle East and North Africa, also pointed out that Hamas's intricate web of tunnels presents a challenge for Israel in locating and retrieving both hostages and its targets.
Gaza's underground tunnels
Numerous tunnels built by Hamas running from the besieged Gaza territory to inside Israel are discovered, creating fears preparations for another war have began.
Read more
"The reason that Israel has to destroy Gaza if they want to destroy Hamas is because life is aboveground and Hamas is underground, it lives in tunnels," Mr Hiltermann said.
"So to get to the tunnels, you have to actually destroy everything that is above.
"But there's no guarantee that Israel, if it destroys all of Gaza … it can actually defeat Hamas. Because Hamas has ways of moving around and escaping."
Mr Truzman expects Israel would prioritise going after Sinwar, Deif and Issa, but eliminating the leaders who are operating outside of Gaza would be even more complicated.
"There are reports that Israeli intelligence has gone into other countries and eliminated members of Hamas … so they have the ability to do that," he said.
The world's never seen a hostage crisis quite like this
A week after Hamas terrorists' brutal attack on Israel, up to 150 kidnap victims remain in Gaza. Experts on hostage negotiation and terrorism say the world now faces several difficult choices.
Read more
Haniyeh has conducted his operations largely out of Doha in Qatar since 2020, while Saleh al-Arouri, who Mr Truzman notes could be another target given his role as Hamas leader in the West Bank, operates predominantly out of Türkiye.
Hamas's alliances with
other militant groups in the region, many of which are similarly funded by Iran, could also complicate any efforts by Israel to go after leaders outside of Gaza.
Ultimately, according to Mr Truzman, it could take years to track down the men at the top of Hamas, and even then, it's difficult to say whether that would be enough to cripple the organisation.
"Let's say you eliminate Ismail Haniyeh, for example. He's going to get replaced. So is his replacement any better or any worse?" he said.
"Killing leadership doesn't necessarily mean things are going to get better.
"They want to destroy Hamas. And that's going to take a long time."