Upgraded LiaoNing carrier pics
Original Soviet Varyag began construction in 1983. Sold to China in 1998. 1st upgrade by Chinese completed in 2011. This is 2nd upgrade in 2018, which spent several months.
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而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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2019.01.21 19:16:34
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据环球时报1月21日报道,今天上午中国海军辽宁舰在多艘拖船的簇拥下离开大连造船厂码头。从网上曝光的图片可以看到,辽宁舰的飞行甲板上还停放有一架歼15舰载机的模型。辽宁舰于去年5月返回大连造船厂进行维护升级时,曾恰好与不久前刚刚完成首次海试返回大连造船厂的首艘国产航母相遇。而在首艘国产航母近日刚刚完成第四次海试之际,辽宁舰也在经过近9月份的改造后首次出海。在之前的文章中,我们曾经详细讨论了国产航母第四次海试的细节,那么此次辽宁舰在出海前到底进行了哪些改造,这些改造又对辽宁舰的性能带来哪些提升。本期《出鞘》就来谈辽宁舰的改造与海试。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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辽宁舰上一次返回大连造船厂进行维护,还是在2014年。由于之后辽宁舰又担负了大量试验和训练任务,包括远洋机动、跨区机动训练等,使用强度一直较大,导致航母和舰上的设备不可避免地出现了磨损和老化等问题,需要进行维护和修理。因此在2018年5月辽宁舰又返回大连造船厂,对舰体进行了修理和维护,包括清除船底附着物,以及对螺旋桨、轴系进行探伤和维护等。此外大连造船厂也对航母上的设备如雷达、电子系统、武器系统等进行了维护,并对航母发动机、飞行甲板、阻拦索和挡焰板等进行了整修。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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辽宁舰此次改装的一大重点是升级电子设备和作战指挥管理系统。因为中国之前没有航母的使用经验,所以辽宁舰在瓦良格航母的基础上并没有对其舰艇结构做过太大变动,只是加装了不少国产设备。但经过这几年的使用后,我们对航母的应用有了更深的了解,而且对舰载设备的功能和性能也有了新的要求,再加上我军电子设备更新换代加速,所以也需要对辽宁舰上的各种国产电子设备进行维护升级。虽然从外观上看不出辽宁舰的内部设备进行了哪些改进,但从002号航母的配置来看,此次升级应该是换用不少与002号航母相同的设备。这样不仅可以减少维护成本,还降低了以后两艘航母进行联合作战时的协同难度。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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不过从之前网上曝光的图片还是可以看出,辽宁舰的对空警戒雷达曾经卸下来更换过。辽宁舰原本的对空警戒雷达是国产海鹰三座标对空警戒雷达,它也是中国海军比较常见的舰载对空警戒雷达。这款俗称“国产顶板”的雷达是中国仿照俄罗斯顶板三座标雷达研制的,包括054A型护卫舰等我军现有主力舰艇都有装备(但054A型出口型已换用国产SR2410C雷达)。这种雷达与同样装在辽宁舰上的346型有源相控阵雷达相比,技术难度相对较低,结构也比较简单,因此耗电率相对也比较少,通常可作为值班雷达使用,但缺点就是抗电子干扰能力差,无法实现二维电子扫描等,快速反应和多目标能力也较差。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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由于辽宁舰长时间作为作战强度并不大的训练舰使用,因此被当作值班雷达使用的海鹰对空警戒雷达难免要时常开机。再加上辽宁舰在返回大连造船厂进行改造之前,还曾在海上进行过长时间的部署,这也进一步导致海鹰雷达的零部件,比同在辽宁舰上的346型相控阵雷达更容易受到损伤。因此辽宁舰在此次入坞改造时,也将整个海鹰雷达给拆除。大连造船厂除了可能对雷达上相关的器件进行更换和测试外,还可能对其进行了大幅的技术升级,包括换装最新的器件和升级软件系统等以改善海鹰雷达的探测性能。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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辽宁舰上的346型有源相控阵雷达是中国海军第一款舰载多功能有源相控阵雷达(但我国第一款舰载相控阵雷达却是381型),常被戏称为“板砖”。它不仅具有灵敏度高、探测距离远、掌握目标数量多和扫描灵活等优点,还可以对付高速和高机动目标,主要承担辽宁舰的空中警戒、目标识别和指挥引导等任务,是辽宁舰在海鹰雷达之外的主要对空探测手段。这种雷达不仅装备在辽宁舰上,还装备在了052C型驱逐舰上。在052C型驱逐舰上这款雷达不仅负责对空探测,还可为海红旗-9防空导弹提供制导。但这款相控阵雷达也有一个缺陷,那就是没有采用液冷系统,而是采用了风冷,这就会使得雷达的使用性能有所下降。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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在这次辽宁舰入厂改造之前,原本也有声音认为它会换装最新的液冷相控阵雷达,从网上最新曝光的图片来看,辽宁舰相控阵雷达上的弧形罩并未消失,这也表明辽宁舰其实依旧沿用了原有的风冷系统。其实目前中国早已研制成功高效率的雷达液冷系统,而且海军也为正在大量生产的055型驱逐舰和刚刚完成第四次海试的首艘国产航空母舰都换装了这种装备国产液冷系统的改进型有源相控阵雷达。辽宁舰此次改造并未换装液冷系统,一是可能因为相控阵雷达造价昂贵,在346型雷达并未达到使用年限的情况下,并没有必要如此“土豪”;二是因为辽宁舰的定位尚属训练舰,相控阵雷达性能的些许下降,对于海军来说并非是难以忍受的问题。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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辽宁舰此次改装的另一大重点毫无疑问是舰桥了,而航空舰桥又是此次改造中变动最大的部分。航空舰桥又被称为主飞行控制室,它的任务就是保证航母舰载机能够迅速、安全起降。应该说航空舰桥在某种程度上,决定着一定时间内航母舰载机的出动能力,对于航母战力的发挥有着直接的影响。美军航母主飞行控制室通常位于舰岛最高处,前方和左边都有连续的窗户,这不仅可以提供宽阔的视野,还能够容纳10名管制员及相关设备。这主要是因为美军航母舰载机较多,日出动架次可能达到上百次。这就要求航空舰桥能够提供足够掌握舰载机在甲板调度和起降情况的观察空间。
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辽宁舰航空舰桥延续的是瓦良格航母的原有设计,而后者又来源于基辅级航母。基辅级航母的雅克-38垂直/短距起降战斗机活动区域主要集中在舰艉,加上数量有限,需要的控制员数量也较少,导致航空舰桥内部空间也比较小。此后瓦良格号的航空舰桥沿用了位于舰岛尾部的设计,不仅内部空间小,而且位置也偏低。这样做的原因,可能一方面在于苏联仍然认为舰载机的降落比起飞更加困难,所以仍把飞行管制的重点放在了舰艉;另一方面则可能是考虑到苏系航母搭载舰载机的数量一般较少,而且出动能力也往往低于美军航母,所以对管制员数量的要求仍然不高。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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2019.01.21 19:16:34
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中国海军在改装辽宁舰的时候,由于考虑到进度等因素,并没有对瓦良格号的航空舰桥进行过太大改动。而这一次选择对其进行改进,一方面是考虑到辽宁舰的活动海域与苏联航母存在较大差异,观察窗样式不必完全拘泥于原本的苏系设计;另一方面则是因为中国海军对舰载机出动能力的要求也相对较高,这就对航母管制员的数量提出了更高要求。此外还要在航空舰桥安装相应的电子设备,而这些都需要航空舰桥内部拥有更大的空间。比如在辽宁舰服役之后,中国海军就通过一系列的海上部署运用,发现原有航空舰桥难以容纳较多的管制人员和信息设备,这无疑限制了辽宁舰监控舰载机起降的能力,相应也限制了歼15舰载机的最大出动能力。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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此次辽宁舰的航空舰桥改装主要是拆除了八角亭式的指挥塔台,此外舷窗也明显加宽了很多,使得航空舰桥的内部空间比原有设计增大了不少。除此之外,辽宁舰的航海舰桥也将原本长形舷窗进一步加宽,这使得辽宁舰的舰桥设计进一步向首艘国产航母靠拢,不过还是没有像国产航母那样将编队指挥舰桥和航海舰桥分层。目前国产航母的航海舰桥主要是2+3+2的大型加宽玻璃窗布局,这也是我军首次在水面主战舰艇上采用这种超大观察窗设计。总的来说,辽宁舰的观察视野在整个舰桥打通后变得更加良好,而这无疑可提高辽宁舰以后的指挥和运作效率。
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而在空中交通管制塔被拆除之后,大连造船厂也在原属于空中交通管制塔位置的上方涂刷了辽宁舰的舷号16。在辽宁舰的舰岛上涂刷舷号的行为,可以认为是在为中国海军今后服役更多的航母,以及组建多航母编队进行准备。因为这一涂装的首要功能,就是帮助舰载机飞行员在空中更好地识别航母的身份。同时我们也可以发现,辽宁舰的舰岛舷号上至今并未镶嵌彩灯。美军航母在夜间起降时为了便于舰载机飞行员进行分辨,还专门给舰岛上的舷号装上了一圈彩灯。相信随着辽宁舰与国产航母今后更大频率地组织混编进行夜间起降训练,未来也会装上舷号彩灯。
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值得一提的是,辽宁舰在舰岛喷绘舷号时还曾出现过“差错”。比如在第一次涂刷时,就曾因为“6”的涂刷尺寸太大,只好推倒重来。辽宁舰的舷号尺寸要比美军航母小,在于辽宁舰舰岛侧面布置的排气装置面积较大,因此舷号“16”就不得不缩小些尺寸。此外辽宁舰还特地保留了舷侧舷号,而这也是我军与美军做法不同的地方。因为中国海军军舰,无论是护卫舰还是驱逐舰,基本上都会在舰首的侧面涂刷有舷号。而美军则是因为在一开始建造航母时,造船厂便不在舰首两侧喷刷舷号,海军出于工时考虑,便也延续了不涂刷舷侧舷号的做法。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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另外辽宁舰在此次改装过程中,虽然没有直接的图片证据,但还是有可能对原本安装在飞行甲板前部下方的P-700反舰导弹发射筒的残余部分进行了清除作业。过去大连造船厂在对瓦良格号进行改装时,由于这里与机库并不连接且分布着大量的水密舱门,因此出于降低改装难度的考虑,并没有对其进行过多的改动。不过这个问题在此次改装工作中却并不存在,应该说如果改装成功的话,航母机库可以携带歼15战机的数量将会增加不少,辽宁舰的战斗力因此将进一步提高。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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此外辽宁舰还可能在补给设备方面进行了系统升级。之前辽宁舰在与“呼伦湖”号补给舰进行联合训练的时候,曾有报道显示两舰在补给物资的处理能力上差距不小。901型补给舰不仅吨位巨大和运载物资众多,而且舰内的物资转运系统也设计得相当先进高效。但辽宁舰却因为时代原因,物资补给接收系统的设计水平比较落后,难以充分发挥“呼伦湖”号强大的物资补给能力。所以如果此次大连造船厂对辽宁舰的物资转运系统在自动化等方面进行了提升,也会进一步提升未来整个辽宁舰编队的持续作战能力。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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在此次出海海试之后,辽宁舰相信很快就将回归到海军的序列。而辽宁舰在返回部队之后,第一件要做的事可能就是尽快恢复歼15舰载机的常态化训练。目前中国海军舰载航空兵部队主要是在海航的飞训基地进行训练,虽然这些基地拥有完备的模拟起降设施,但毕竟还是难以完美复现真实的海上起降状态。如果舰载航空兵部队长期无法在航母进行作战训练,势必会影响战斗力的生成。此外培养更多具备夜间着舰能力的舰载机飞行员,也都需要辽宁舰尽快归建进行配合。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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而在恢复舰载机飞行员的常态性海上训练之后,辽宁舰还要和护航舰艇编队进行远洋机动等方面的作战训练。在航母逐渐列装之后,中国海军在作战能力的建设方面,很大程度上其实就是在围绕着航母编队来进行的,辽宁舰的重要作用显而易见。另外随着中国首艘国产航母海试已经进入尾声,中国海军完全有希望在2020年之前组建双航母编队,从而进一步提高中国海军的远洋作战能力。辽宁舰此次改造和归建,不仅有利于培养以国产航母为核心的护航舰艇编队,也有助于中国海军探索多航母编队的战力生成模式等。
而今迈步从头越:辽宁舰改造如何塑造中国海军新战力
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而从最近国内媒体引述日本媒体的消息来看,中国海军也将在今年4月的海军建军70周年时组织国际阅舰式,而辽宁舰必然会是其中的主角。所以辽宁舰在改造完成后进行这次海试,也有助于其被尽快移交给中国海军,从而为阅舰式的彩排提供准备时间。另外据国内媒体报道,美国海军作战部长理查德森曾在本月18日威胁称,美国海军不排除会派遣航母穿过台湾海峡。为了回应美军,辽宁舰也必须尽快回归到中国海军的作战序列中去。那么本期《出鞘》就到这里,我们下期再见。
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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According to the Global Times on January 21, this morning, the Chinese Navy’s Liaoning ship left the Dalian Shipyard Terminal in the presence of several tugs. It can be seen from the pictures exposed on the Internet that a model of the 歼15 carrier aircraft is still parked on the flight deck of the Liaoning ship. When the Liaoning ship returned to Dalian Shipyard for maintenance and upgrade in May last year, it happened to meet the first domestic aircraft carrier that had just completed the first sea test and returned to Dalian Shipyard. On the occasion of the first domestic aircraft carrier recently completed the fourth sea test, the Liaoning ship also went to sea for the first time after the transformation in September. In the previous article, we discussed in detail the details of the fourth sea trial of the domestic aircraft carrier, then what transformations have been made to the Liaoning ship before going out to sea, and these improvements have brought about an improvement in the performance of the Liaoning ship. In this issue of "Sheathing", I will talk about the transformation and sea trial of the Liaoning ship.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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The Liaoning ship returned to Dalian Shipyard for maintenance once, but it was still in 2014. Since the Liaoning ship has also undertaken a large number of tests and training tasks, including ocean-going maneuvers and cross-regional maneuver training, the intensity of use has been large, resulting in inevitable wear and aging problems in aircraft carriers and shipboard equipment. Maintenance is required. And repair. Therefore, in May 2018, the Liaoning ship returned to the Dalian Shipyard to repair and maintain the hull, including the removal of the bottom of the ship and the inspection and maintenance of the propeller and shafting. In addition, Dalian Shipyard also carried out maintenance on equipment such as radar, electronic systems and weapon systems on the aircraft carrier, and renovated the aircraft engine, flight deck, blocking cable and flame shield.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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A major focus of the Liaoning ship's modification is the upgrade of electronic equipment and operational command management systems. Because China did not have experience in using aircraft carriers before, the Liaoning ship did not make much changes to its ship structure on the basis of the Varyag aircraft carrier, but only installed a lot of domestic equipment. However, after years of use, we have a deeper understanding of the application of the aircraft carrier, and also have new requirements for the function and performance of the shipborne equipment, coupled with the acceleration of our military electronic equipment replacement, so it also needs Various domestic electronic equipment on the ship of Liaoning are maintained and upgraded. Although it is not obvious from the appearance of the improvement of the internal equipment of the Liaoning ship, from the configuration of the carrier No. 002, the upgrade should be replaced with many of the same equipment as the 002 aircraft carrier. This not only reduces maintenance costs, but also reduces the coordination difficulty of the next two aircraft carriers in joint operations.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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However, it can be seen from the pictures exposed on the Internet that the Liaoning ship’s air warning radar has been removed and replaced. The original air-to-air warning radar of the Liaoning ship is the domestic sea eagle three-seat air-to-air warning radar. It is also a relatively common ship-to-air warning radar of the Chinese navy. This radar, commonly known as "domestic roof", was developed in China following the Russian three-coordinate radar. It includes the 054A frigate and other existing main ships of our military (but the 054A export type has been replaced with the domestic SR2410C radar). Compared with the 346 active phased array radar also installed on the Liaoning ship, this kind of radar has relatively low technical difficulty and relatively simple structure. Therefore, the power consumption rate is relatively small, and it can usually be used as a duty radar, but The disadvantage is that the ability to resist electronic interference is poor, two-dimensional electronic scanning cannot be realized, and the rapid response and multi-target capability are also poor.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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Since the Liaoning ship has been used as a training ship with little combat strength for a long time, it is inevitable that the sea eagle air-to-air warning radar used as a duty radar will always be turned on. In addition, before the return of the Liaoning ship to the Dalian Shipyard for reconstruction, it was also deployed at sea for a long time, which further led to the parts of the Seahawk Radar, which is more than the 346 phased array radar on the Liaoning ship. It is susceptible to damage. Therefore, the Liaoning ship also removed the entire Seahawk radar during the docking transformation. In addition to possible replacement and testing of related components on the radar, Dalian Shipyard may also undergo substantial technical upgrades, including the replacement of the latest devices and upgraded software systems to improve the detection performance of Seahawk radar.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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The 346-type active phased array radar on the Liaoning ship is the first naval multi-function active phased array radar of the Chinese navy (but the first shipborne phased array radar in China is the 381 type), often dubbed "Brick bricks." It not only has the advantages of high sensitivity, long detection distance, large number of targets and flexible scanning, but also can deal with high-speed and high-mobility targets. It mainly undertakes tasks such as air warning, target recognition and command and guidance of Liaoning ships. It is a ship in Liaoning. The main air-to-air detection means outside the eagle radar. This type of radar is not only equipped on the Liaoning ship, but also on the 052C destroyer. On the 052C destroyer, this radar is not only responsible for air-to-air detection, but also provides guidance for the Haihongqi-9 air defense missile. However, this phased array radar also has a drawback, that is, the use of liquid cooling system, but the use of air cooling, which will reduce the performance of the radar.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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Before the transformation of the Liaoning ship into the factory, there was also a voice that it would replace the latest liquid-cooled phased array radar. From the latest exposure pictures on the Internet, the curved cover on the Liaoning phased array radar did not disappear. This also shows that the Liaoning ship still uses the original air cooling system. In fact, China has already developed a highly efficient radar liquid cooling system, and the Navy has also refitted the domestic liquid cooling system for the mass-produced Type 055 destroyer and the first domestic aircraft carrier that has just completed the fourth sea test. Improved active phased array radar. The Liaoning ship has not been replaced with a liquid cooling system. First, it may be because the phased array radar is expensive. In the case that the 346 radar has not reached the service life, there is no need for such a "local tyrant"; the second is because the Liaoning ship The positioning is still a training ship, and the performance of the phased array radar has dropped slightly, which is not an unbearable problem for the Navy.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?
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Another major focus of the Liaoning ship's modification is undoubtedly the bridge, and the aviation bridge is the biggest change in this transformation. The air bridge is also known as the main flight control room. Its mission is to ensure that the aircraft carrier can quickly and safely take off and land. It should be said that to some extent, the aviation bridge determines the ability of the aircraft carrier to be dispatched within a certain period of time, which has a direct impact on the performance of the aircraft carrier. The US aircraft carrier's main flight control room is usually located at the highest point of the island, with continuous windows on the front and left side, which not only provides a wide view, but also can accommodate 10 controllers and related equipment. This is mainly because the US aircraft carrier has more aircraft, and the number of sunrise movements may reach hundreds of times. This requires the aviation bridge to provide sufficient observation space for the decking and take-off and landing of the aircraft.
Nowadays, from the beginning: How does the transformation of Liaoning ship shape the new strength of the Chinese navy?