Recommended reading –
The Argumentative Indian by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen.
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The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity
by Amartya Sen
This needs saying at the outset. In itself, it might seem like an unremarkable fact, but it actually is not: Amartya Sen is a citizen of India. While most of his countrymen who have been able to leave India for a long time try their best to become citizens of the country they might have gone to (Britain, America, Canada, Australia), Sen, a man whom Cambridge and Harvard are said to have fought over for the privilege of offering an appointment, resolutely retains his blue Indian passport after half a century of towering intellectual achievement across the world.
Every year, the 1998 winner of the Nobel Prize for economics returns to Santiniketan, the tiny university town 100-odd miles from Calcutta. In Santiniketan, the former Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, can be seen on a bicycle, friendly and unassuming, chatting with the locals and working for a trust he has set up with the money from his Nobel Prize. One of the most influential public thinkers of our times is strongly rooted in the country in which he grew up; he is deeply engaged with its concerns.
There can, then, be few people better equipped than this Lamont University Professor at Harvard to write about India and the Indian identity, especially at a time when the stereotype of India as a land of exoticism and mysticism is being supplanted with the stereotype of India as the back office of the world.
In this superb collection of essays, Sen smashes quite a few stereotypes and places the idea of India and Indianness in its rightful, deserved context. Central to his notion of India, as the title suggests, is the long tradition of argument and public debate, of intellectual pluralism and generosity that informs India's history.
One of the book's many triumphs is its tone. Sen does not indulge in triumphalism about his country's past; nor does he spare Western influences (like James Mill's History of British India) that have oversimplified and distorted the Indian reality.
While talking about Indian democracy, for instance, he cautions: 'It is important to avoid the twin pitfalls of 1) taking democracy to be just a gift of the Western world that India simply accepted when it became independent, and 2) assuming that there is something unique in Indian history that makes the country singularly suited to democracy.' The truth is far more complex and somewhere between these two views.
Sen refutes the facile Western description of India as a 'mainly Hindu country' with the same rigorous scholarship that he demolishes the isolationist, circumscribed view of Hindutva held dear by the Hindu right that ruled India between 1999 and 2004.
Illuminated with examples from the teachings and lives of emperors such as Akbar and Ashoka, with illustrations from the epics, The Ramayana and The Mahabharata, and a staggering range of other references, he propounds a view of Hinduism as an inclusive philosophy rather than an exclusionist, divisive religion. This view of Hinduism is mature enough and magnanimous enough to accommodate dissenting views and 'even profound scepticism'. This is a 'capacious view of a broad and generous Hinduism, which contrasts sharply with the narrow and bellicose versions that are currently on offer, led particularly by parts of the Hindutva movement'.
Sen's tone is heartwarmingly celebratory in two essays, which talk about two figures who are exemplars of the heterodoxy that reflects the best of the Indian tradition.
One essay is a spirited tribute to Rabindranath Tagore, India's only Nobel Laureate in literature. 'When poets die,' wrote Martin Amis in his defence of Philip Larkin, 'there is usually a rush to judgment: a revaluation, a retaliation - a reaction.'
In the case of Tagore (poet, novelist, short story writer, essayist, playwright, educationist but chiefly known in the West as a poet), the revisionism happened very much during his lifetime. The early advocates of his work, among them Ezra Pound and WB Yeats, went from championing him to deriding him and Tagore's reputation lapsed into oblivion outside his own country before long. Sen dwells on the untranslatability of Tagore's work but argues that that was only part of the problem. Yeats and Pound and the others denounced Tagore because they could not, after a while, fit him into the exotic, spiritual Eastern pigeonhole in which they had put him. They wanted a mystic, a sage, and they missed altogether the point of the liberal, rationalist, humane thinker.
The second essay concerns the cinema of Satyajit Ray, one of India's greatest film-makers. Ray, whose debut film, Pather Panchali (Song of the Little Road), celebrates its golden jubilee this year and endures still as an outstanding, poignant and relevant movie, was more than merely a film-maker. He was an extraordinarily gifted writer, artist and composer, seamlessly moving between the worlds of Western and Indian classical music.
While his films have won many awards at festivals at Cannes, Venice and Berlin, in no way did he ever make his films pander to a preconceived notion of the Orient. His films are authentically Indian, rooted in the province of their origin (Bengal) and indisputably great.
Sen argues that Ray achieved this synthesis by drawing on the heterodox tradition of India; he was willing to learn from other cultures and was able to blend that knowledge with what he had imbibed from his own. 'In our heterogeneity and in our openness lies our pride, not our disgrace. Satyajit Ray taught us this, and that lesson is profoundly important for India. And for Asia, and for the world.'
This is a book that needed to have been written. The perception of India in the West and, indeed, among Indians themselves has never been more amorphous as it is now. The Argumentative Indian will provide a new dimension and perspective to that perception. It would be no surprise if it were to become as defining and as influential a work as Edward Said's Orientalism.