Black holes have a complex shape. Inside, gravity exists in three dimensions. But black holes are also connected to outside particles and magnetic fields that only exist in two dimensions. So how can a black hole exist in both two dimensions and three dimensions at the same time?
Scientists say there's a mathematical phenomenon at work here, called the “holographic duality theory.” Juan Maldacena, an Argentine theoretical physicist, discovered the concept in 1997, which states that events inside a space with gravity (like a black hole) are mathematically equivalent to gravity-free events on the surface of that space that involve particles.
n other words, the holographic duality theory could hold the secret link between particle physics—the study of tiny particles that make up all matter—and Einstein's theory of general relativity, which states that gravity arises from the curvature of space and time. In new research, published last month in the journal PRX Quantum, University of Michigan scientists look for support for this holographic duality theory inside of black holes. To understand, we have to review some pretty simple math and then apply the science.
Think back to basic calculus. There are lines, which are represented by x and y. Then there are curves, represented by x² and y². And if we raise those variables by one more power, we have three-dimensional surfaces and shapes. The relationship between dimensions is key to calculus, as is the relationship from the finite to the infinite.
How does that relate to black holes? Well, one expression of string theory (a theoretical framework in physics where point-like particles are replaced with one-dimensional objects called strings) and quantum theory aims to unify the two- and three-dimensional aspects of the real world as a way to help calculate and understand certain complex phenomena. The results could marry the standard model of particle physics and the theory of general relativity, bringing us full-circle: this is holographic duality.
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