https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2019-05-02/doc-ihvhiqax6265408.shtml
航空武器系统专家梁晓庚：一流空空导弹 中国必须有
航空武器系统专家梁晓庚：一流空空导弹 中国必须有
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世界上最早的空空导弹不是中国人发明的。
当世界上第一代近距格斗空空导弹已经正式列装美国空军时，我人民空军对什么是空空导弹还几乎一无所知。
但也许很多人想不到，世界上空空导弹第一次实战却是发生在中国领空：一架中国人民解放军的歼5战机被“响尾蛇”空空导弹击落！我飞行员王自重英勇牺牲。用生命的代价，我们才认识了空空导弹。没有空空导弹，就没有制空权。中国的航空人从此被逼上研制空空导弹的道路。
虽然战机上的机炮仍不能废止，但曾经的机炮时代永远过去了。航空工业武器系统设计技术首席专家、空空导弹型号总设计师梁晓庚研究员说：“今天，没有导弹的战机，只能是和平鸽。只有装备了先进导弹的战机，才是战斗机。”
距那场“响尾蛇”首次亮出毒牙的空战，已有60多年，今天的人民空军是否已利箭在翼，足以守卫祖国的领空？万一有他国战机侵犯我国领空，我人民空军能否一击命中？
梁晓庚说：“尽可放心。虽然未来的战争是双方体系对体系的战争，但我们研制的空空导弹已经不比世界上性能最好的空空导弹差。世界一流的空空导弹，中国必须有！”
在基地，梁晓庚主持研制的空空导弹成功击落靶机。
[人物档案]
梁晓庚，1960年6月出生于黄河边上的孟县，1982年毕业于西北工业大学导弹飞行器控制专业，参加工作后一直从事空空导弹研究工作。曾先后参加并主持了多个国家重点项目的研发及相关配套设备的研制工作，获中国专利15项、国家科技进步一等奖1项和部级成果奖10余项。现为航空工业武器系统设计技术首席专家。
2004年，梁晓庚获国家科技进步一等奖，笑捧证书。
“没有先进的空空导弹，战机就是和平鸽”
“我平生第一次坐飞机乘的是伊尔-76。记得那天飞机上挤了400多人。因为是军用运输机，就是一个大机舱，也没有座位，所有人一个挨一个坐在机舱地板上。飞机动力十足，‘呼’地一下子起飞了，机舱里的人倒下了一大片，惯性啊，根本就没有安全带。但因为是第一次坐飞机，我还是很难忘。”
说起最初走上研制空空导弹路的历程，最难忘的是航空人的艰辛。
制导武器模型
研制导弹是必须去外场打靶的，能搭空军运输机的机会不多。如果带着导弹去靶场，那得坐几天几夜的火车。下了火车，还得坐长途车，在“搓板路”上再颠上整整一天。第一次到外场试验基地，梁晓庚见识了什么叫“沙窝子”，就是在沙漠里挖地三尺、只露出半个窗在地面的半地下建筑，它的优点是能最大限度地低成本防寒保暖。试验基地冬天的最低温度可达-30℃，又没有暖气，所以只能靠纯天然的地暖取暖。空空导弹仿真技术专家吴根水感叹地说：“那里冬天只要一刮风，你就是穿着皮大衣，在露天也撑不了20分钟。”
那时，到了冬天一旦大雪封路，就连后勤补给都成了难题，全靠当地老乡卖些土豆萝卜救急。梁晓庚印象最深的是，有一年，大雪阻道，试验队没吃的了，幸亏老乡赶着辆毛驴车送来了萝卜白菜。试验队的厨师还偏偏看上了毛驴，请示队长：“能不能把毛驴也买下来？”最后花了300多元买下了那头毛驴，帮着试验队坚持到了最后完成任务。
梁晓庚说：“虽然我大学本科学的就是空空导弹控制，但直到进了单位后，才真正知道空空导弹对我们空军有多重要。那时才知道王自重烈士是世界上第一个空空导弹的牺牲者，对我的刺激很大。”
史料记载，1958年9月24日上午，配备了“响尾蛇”AIM-9B空空导弹的台湾国民党空军的十多架F-86喷气式飞机，窜入我浙江温州上空。我海军航空兵某部出动战机迎战，驾驶3号战机的王自重，在战斗中与十多架敌机缠斗时，不幸被“响尾蛇”射中。
其实，那时“响尾蛇”空空导弹的命中率并不高，只有26%。这次空战，多架F-86总共发射了5枚“响尾蛇”。
“我们付出的巨大代价证实：没有空空导弹，战机就是和平鸽。现代化的空空导弹极大改变了武器装备与战机的作战效能关系。”梁晓庚分析道，“平台性能与整体作战效能是线性关系，是一次方的；而机载航电系统（雷达和火控系统）与平台是二次方关系，如航电系统性能提高2倍，战机的作战效能就能提高4倍；但导弹与作战平台的关系是四次方关系，如果将导弹的性能提高一倍，战机的整体作战效能就能提高16倍。我们空军现在已经装备了现代化先进战机，但如果没有现代化的空空导弹，就难以将现代化战机的作战效能发挥到极致。而研制现代化的空空导弹，就是我们的使命！”
“新技术是闯出来的，也是拼出来的”
歼20战机在珠海航展首次展示其装备的我国产空空导弹。
1982年6月，以色列在贝卡谷地上空，用近距格斗红外导弹打出了82∶0的战绩，令世界震惊。
“第一代空空导弹以美国的‘响尾蛇’AIM–9B和苏联的K-13为代表，采用的是电子管技术，主要用于攻击亚音速轰炸机。因其红外探测和机动能力等有限，AIM–9B仅具有尾后攻击功能。空战时，谁占据了尾后攻击区，谁就抢占了先机。而第二代空空导弹以美国的‘响尾蛇’AIM-9D、苏联的‘蚜虫’P-60和法国的‘玛特拉’R-550为代表，采用的攻击方式略有进步，为后半球攻击，用于攻击机动能力达3-4个G的轰炸机等目标。美军还有雷达制导的‘麻雀’中距空空导弹。”梁晓庚介绍说。
上世纪70年代后期，第三代空空导弹登场，代表性的是美军的“响尾蛇”AIM-9L和AIM-9M，具有在3-5公里之外迎头攻击的能力。这时电子产品走向成熟，导弹的探测灵敏度和跟踪能力极大提高，能全向攻击以6-9个G机动的高性能战斗机，俄罗斯的“射手”P-73也是这一代产品。
从上个世纪八九十年代起，第四代空空导弹问世。美国代表性的型号是近距红外格斗导弹“响尾蛇”AIM-9X和中距拦射空空导弹AIM-120A/B/C。近距格斗导弹采用红外成像制导、小型捷联惯导、气动力/推力矢量复合控制，低阻/超大攻角等关键技术，能有效攻击载机前方±90°的大机动目标，甚至可实现“越肩发射”，降低了战斗机空战时占位的要求。
“为什么‘越肩发射’在现代空战中这么重要？”记者问。
“如果双方是隐身战机对决，一定是谁也不敢轻易打开雷达，因为打开就不隐身了，双方直到相距10公里左右时才靠目视发现。因为隐身飞机通常都是超音速巡航，所以这10公里的时间非常短，不会超过20秒，谁先用光电雷达锁定对手、发射红外格斗空空导弹者胜。一旦双方战机擦身而过，有‘越肩发射’功能的近距红外格斗导弹也会主动转弯紧咬对手不放。”
但研制现代化的空空导弹谈何容易。梁晓庚常说：“科技创新是拼出来的，不拼怎么行？”
“某型空空导弹是跨代产品，最初我们也希望能通过合作的方式发展得快一点，但当我们去找了国际上实力领先的同行，提出‘越肩发射、大攻角飞行、抗大过载’这3条技术标准时，对方双手一摊说，‘这3条别说你们做不到，我们也只能做到1条’。”
他说：“这让我们意识到：之前我们研发中遇到难题，还能向国外学习；但如今对外学习已经学到‘天花板’了。要打破这个尖端技术的‘天花板’，只有靠我们自己去闯、去拼了。”
空空导弹的研制从预研开始，到方案、初样、试样、定型，有着严格的流程。
“空空导弹的试验特别难。一辆车试验中出了问题，可以当场在车上排查出故障原因；而一枚导弹打出去往往就找不到了，即使找到了它也摔成残骸了。”某型空空导弹总体性能主任设计师谢永强说，“对此，梁总就提出了用降落伞回收试验弹的设想，这样万一试验弹发生故障，就比较容易查找故障原因了。”
这一招不久后果然派上了用场。有一枚试验弹发射后，发生故障。打开用降落伞回收完好的弹体一查，当场就找到了原因。“如果弹体不能回收，不知要多花多少时间故障才能‘归零’呢。”谢永强说。
“梁总的特点是敢于创新，他新点子特别多。”航空工业特级技术专家贾晓洪说，“在某型导弹研制已进行到试样阶段时，用户提出了新的抗干扰技术要求。别人也许会找理由推脱，而梁总敢于担当，他对我们说：‘我们交给部队的，必须是好用管用能打仗的产品。’他带领大家又埋头攻关了3年，终于使这款产品具备了全程抗干扰能力。”
导弹的伺服系统性能决定着导弹飞行的机动性。某型空空导弹伺服系统主任设计师何卫国告诉记者，在该型导弹研制中，为了提高导弹的机动性，梁总提出必须将模拟有刷电机升级为数字无刷电机。“当时我们对‘数字无刷电机’一无所知，而对模拟有刷电机的预研已进行了10年。有关负责人不同意推倒重来，而梁总坚持说，技术不升级，产品就不可能换代，再难也要升级换代。他直接找到单位领导，阐述了自己的技术方案。在单位领导的支持下，经过艰辛的研发，终于拿下了数字无刷电机，实现了这款导弹的高度机动性。”
“我们研制的空空导弹的机动性究竟如何？”记者问梁晓庚。
“在最先进的飞行抗荷服帮助下，人体可承受的最大过载是12个G。我们现在的空空导弹的抗过载要求非常大，机动性、敏捷性是飞机的机动性和敏捷性的好几倍，被我们的导弹盯上，它怎么跑得了？！”梁晓庚满脸自信。
“科学认知有个过程，总师就是承担责任的”
在射程百公里以上的中距空空导弹越来越成熟的当下，是不是近距格斗空空导弹已经没有太大的实战价值了？
“恰恰相反。”梁晓庚说，“在双方没有很强的电磁干扰、双方飞机都不隐身的情况下，可能彼此远在100公里、200公里以外都发现了，发射的是雷达制导的中距空空导弹；而在高机动、立体化、高隐身、复杂电磁环境的空中战场上，双方战机突然遭遇的可能性反而加大了。双方飞机可能在10公里左右时才互相发现，那时近距格斗空空导弹才是夺取制空权的利器。”
而相对弹体200公斤级的中距空空导弹，弹体只有100公斤级的近距格斗空空导弹，无疑有着特殊的研制难度。“一枚空空导弹应有的导引、控制、引战、推进等系统一样也不能少，但必须更小更轻更敏捷。”梁晓庚说。
如果说失败是成功之母，那不怕失败就是成功之父。空空导弹控制技术专家李友年告诉记者：“梁总不怕试验出问题，即使试验失败了，我也从没见他愁眉苦脸的。他总是说：‘科学认知有个过程，失败是正常的。不打怎么暴露问题？’即使出了问题他也不怨别人，他的口头禅是，‘责任在我，总师就是承担责任的’。”
其实，在梁晓庚看来，总师不仅是来承担责任的，而且关键时刻是用来“身先士卒”的。
有一次空空导弹打靶试验，眼看着导弹与靶机擦肩而过，近炸引信却没有引爆战斗部。
在监测仪器的跟踪下，这枚导弹飞行了几十公里，扎进了沙漠里的一片原始梭梭林中。“那片梭梭林很密，10米之外就见不到人了。但万幸的是导弹被我们找到了，可导弹断成了3截。”空空导弹导引技术专家付奎生说，“导弹最关键的战斗部扎进了沙漠里有半米多深，这时导弹已经解除了保险，随时可能引爆。梁总却坚持要把导弹挖出来，他让我们都撤到安全地带，自己带把铁锹开始挖导弹。”
导弹是挖出来了，但因为弹体已经变形，无法正常打开。梁晓庚决定用爆破用的切割索将它炸开。第一次爆破，导弹的壳体只切割开了一半；再一次爆破，壳体是切开了，但引爆雷管的3根导线却炸断了1根，这更危险了。哪怕一点点静电都有可能将它引爆！
作为总师，没有人比梁晓庚更了解导弹战斗部里高爆炸药的厉害。他曾对记者说过：“我们的靶机是用某型战斗机改建的，号称‘靶坚强’，但我们的导弹一枚就能将它打折、击落。”可在这真正危险的时刻，他就像排爆手一样果断地将另2根导线也剪断，去掉导线的绝缘层后利索地将3根导线绑在一起，解除了意外引爆的危险。
“你觉得自己比‘靶坚强’还坚强吗？”记者不能不觉得他太冒险。
“拆了才能尽快找到故障原因。”他回答很简洁。
“总师就是管技术的，凡是技术问题对我都是原则问题，决不能含糊。”他就是这么个总师。
梁晓庚说，“但我的中学物理老师建议说，你是革命家庭出身，为什么不投身国防工业呢？”
在研制某型空空导弹时，他对传统的控制方式提出异议，但大多数人认为出问题的概率很低，仍坚持采用传统的控制方式，他坚持保留意见。试验时，被他不幸而言中。“为什么小概率事件发生的可能性很大？这就是墨菲定律，”梁晓庚认为自己的坚持是有科学根据的，“任何一件事如果有两种选择，其中一种将导致灾难，则必定会发生。”
“梁总平时待人没有架子，但工作起来绝对严实，没有任何含糊。”曾负责空空导弹工艺技术管理的郭晓楠说。
有一次，梁晓庚应邀参加某型导弹的技术评审。按设计原则，应当是先做导弹的低温试验，再做高温试验。但在做低温试验时，出现了问题。研制人员找不出故障原因，就改为先做高温试验，再做低温试验，竟然成功了。梁晓庚知情后，毫不客气地拍了桌子：“导弹先做低温试验是有科学根据的，它随载机升空，最先经受的就是低温考验，长时间飞行后温度升高，再经受高温考验，这怎么能变呢？从低温的特点找故障原因，才能真正解决问题啊。”
在他的指点下，研制团队果然找到了症结所在。
如今，中国的空空导弹实现了从第三代到第四代的跨越，使我们的空空导弹整体达到了世界先进水平。
2016年，梁晓庚主持研制的一款外贸型空空导弹公开亮相，引起国内外军界极大关注。美国环球战略网评价说：“该型导弹与美国最先进的‘响尾蛇’导弹性能不相上下，真正实现飞行员看哪打哪。”
梁晓庚说：“把我们的国防做得更强大，让别人不能来战、不敢来战，保卫祖国的和平，这就是我们的使命和目的。”
记者手记
长空铸箭人的报国情怀
梁晓庚寄语：“拼搏铸箭霹雳长空”。
采访梁晓庚前，记者曾揣测：他是不是从小就是个喜欢飞机导弹的军迷？
“我高中毕业时最大的理想其实是当一名治病救人的医生，最想考的是第四军医大学。”梁晓庚说，“但我的中学物理老师建议说，你是革命家庭出身，为什么不投身国防工业呢？”梁晓庚的父亲16岁就到太行山抗日根据地当抗战政府的秘书，很多亲戚都是“老八路”。他转念一想，对啊！就这样选择了西北工业大学，成为西工大恢复高考后的导弹飞行器控制专业第一届本科生。
“我觉得自己非常幸运的是，一进单位，就感受到单位非常好的氛围和传统，那就是技术人员潜心钻研专业技术，全院上下最尊敬的是技术权威。当时单位有两位老专家，一位是研究红外导引头的张明，一位是研究引信战斗部的张荫锡。两位都没有行政领导职务，但被推荐为全国人大代表，鼓励我们年轻人以老专家为榜样，这对我选择沉下心来钻研业务的影响非常大。”梁晓庚说。
为了长空铸箭，梁晓庚平均每周工作近80小时，只休过一次假，还晚去了3天。这3天里，他主持发射了2枚试验弹。
他说：“一枚空空导弹有数千个零部件，有百多家企业合作。导弹打成了，是整个研发团队的成绩，不是我个人。”
出处：文汇报
作者：郑蔚
Aviation Weapon System Expert Liang Xiaogeng: First-class air-to-air missiles China must have
Aviation Weapon System Expert Liang Xiaogeng: First-class air-to-air missiles China must have
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The earliest air-to-air missiles in the world were not invented by the Chinese.
When the world’s first generation of close combat air-to-air missiles had officially been installed in the US Air Force, the People’s Air Force had almost no knowledge of what air-to-air missiles were.
But perhaps many people can't think that the first actual combat of air-to-air missiles in the world occurred in China's airspace: a Chinese People's Liberation Army's 歼5 fighter was shot down by the "Rattlesnake" air-to-air missile! My pilot Wang Zizhong died heroically. At the cost of life, we only knew about air-to-air missiles. Without air-to-air missiles, there is no air superiority. China’s aviation people have since been forced to develop air-to-air missiles.
Although the cannons on the fighter plane could not be abolished, the era of the cannons used to pass. Researcher Liang Xiaogeng, chief expert of aviation industry weapon system design technology and chief designer of air-to-air missile model, said: "Today, fighters without missiles can only be peace pigeons. Only fighters equipped with advanced missiles are fighters."
It has been more than 60 years since the "Rattlesnake" first appeared in the air battle of fangs. Has the People’s Air Force today been able to defend the airspace of the motherland? In the event that another country’s warplane violates China’s airspace, can the People’s Air Force hit a hit?
Liang Xiaogeng said: "I can rest assured. Although the future war is a war between the two systems, the air-to-air missiles we have developed are no worse than the best air-to-air missiles in the world. World-class air-to-air missiles must be in China!"
At the base, the air-to-air missile developed by Liang Xiaogeng successfully shot down the target. At the base, the air-to-air missile developed by Liang Xiaogeng successfully shot down the target.
[person profile]
Liang Xiaogeng was born in Mengxian County on the edge of the Yellow River in June 1960. He graduated from Northwestern Polytechnical University in 1982 with a major in missile control. After participating in the work, he has been engaged in air-to-air missile research. He has participated in and presided over the research and development of several national key projects and related equipment development, and won 15 Chinese patents, 1 national science and technology progress first prize and 10 ministerial achievement awards. He is currently the chief expert in the design of aerospace industry weapon systems.
In 2004, Liang Xiaogeng won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award and laughed for the certificate. In 2004, Liang Xiaogeng won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award and laughed for the certificate.
"Without advanced air-to-air missiles, the fighter is the dove of peace."
"I used to fly for the first time in my life, I'm -76. I remember that there were more than 400 people on the plane that day. Because it was a military transport plane, it was a big cabin, and there was no seat. Everyone sat on the cabin floor. The plane was full of power, and the 'hull' took off at once. The people in the cabin fell down a lot. Inertia, there was no seat belt at all. But because it was the first time I took the plane, I still had a hard time forgetting."
Speaking of the initial journey of developing an air-to-air missile road, the most memorable thing is the hardships of aviation people.
Guided weapon model guided weapon model
To develop a missile, it is necessary to go to the field to shoot, and there are not many opportunities to take the Air Force transport aircraft. If you take the missile to the shooting range, you have to take a few days and nights of train. When I got off the train, I had to take a long-distance bus and put it on the "Shouban Road" for another whole day. The first time I went to the field test base, Liang Xiaogeng saw what is called “Shawozi”. It is a semi-underground building that digs three feet in the desert and only exposes half of the window on the ground. It has the advantage of maximizing low cost. Cold and warm. The test base has a minimum temperature of -30 ° C in winter and no heating, so it can only be heated by natural floor heating. Wu Genshui, an expert on air-to-air missile simulation technology, sighed and said: "When there is a wind in winter, you are wearing a fur coat and can't hold it for 20 minutes in the open air."
At that time, once the snow was closed in winter, even the logistics supply became a problem. It relied on the local villagers to sell some potatoes and radishes. The most impressive thing about Liang Xiaogeng was that one year, the heavy snow blocked the road, and the test team did not eat it. Fortunately, the fellow villagers rushed the donkey car and sent the radish cabbage. The chef of the test team also looked at the donkey and asked the captain: "Can you buy the donkey?" Finally, I spent more than 300 yuan to buy the donkey and helped the test team to finish the task.
Liang Xiaogeng said: "Although my university's undergraduate degree is air-to-air missile control, it was not until I entered the unit that I really knew how important air-to-air missiles were to our air force. Only then did we know that Wang Zizhong's martyrs were the world's first air-to-air missiles. The victim is very irritating to me."
According to historical records, on the morning of September 24, 1958, more than 10 F-86 jets of the Taiwan KMT Air Force equipped with the "Rattlesnake" AIM-9B air-to-air missile broke into the airspace of Wenzhou, Zhejiang. One of our naval air forces dispatched a warplane to fight, and Wang Zizhong, who was driving the No. 3 fighter, was unfortunately shot by the "Rattlesnake" when he was fighting with more than a dozen enemy planes in the battle.
In fact, the "Rattlesnake" air-to-air missile hit rate was not high at that time, only 26%. In this air battle, a number of F-86s fired a total of five "Rattlesnakes".
"The huge cost we have confirmed proves that there is no air-to-air missile, and the fighter is a dove of peace. Modern air-to-air missiles have greatly changed the operational effectiveness of weapons and fighters." Liang Xiaogeng analyzed, "The performance of the platform is linear with the overall operational effectiveness. Once on the air; the airborne avionics system (radar and fire control system) and the platform are quadratic, such as the performance of the avionics system is increased by 2 times, the combat effectiveness of the aircraft can be increased by 4 times; but the missile and combat platform The relationship is a quadratic relationship. If the performance of the missile is doubled, the overall operational effectiveness of the aircraft can be increased by 16 times. Our Air Force is now equipped with modern and advanced fighters, but without modern air-to-air missiles, it is difficult to modernize the fighters. The combat effectiveness is at its peak. The development of modern air-to-air missiles is our mission!"
"The new technology is coming out and it is also spelled out."
The 歼20 fighters demonstrated their domestic air-to-air missiles for the first time at the Zhuhai Air Show. The 歼20 fighters demonstrated their domestic air-to-air missiles for the first time at the Zhuhai Air Show.
In June 1982, Israel over the Bekaa Valley, with a close combat infrared missile hit a record of 82:0, shocked the world.
"The first generation of air-to-air missiles, represented by the American 'Rattlesnake' AIM-9B and the Soviet K-13, are based on electron tube technology and are mainly used to attack subsonic bombers. Due to their limited infrared detection and maneuverability, AIM– 9B only has a tail-attack function. In the air battle, whoever occupies the attack area in the tail, whoever seizes the opportunity. The second-generation air-to-air missile is the American 'Rattlesnake' AIM-9D, the Soviet 'Aphid' P-60. Represented by France's 'Matra' R-550, the attack method used was slightly improved, targeting the rear hemisphere attack and attacking aircraft with a maneuverability of 3-4 G. The US military also has radar-guided ' Sparrow's medium-range air-to-air missile." Liang Xiaogeng said.
In the late 1970s, the third generation of air-to-air missiles appeared, representative of the US military's "Rattlesnake" AIM-9L and AIM-9M, with the ability to attack head-on 3-5 km away. At this time, the electronic products are maturing, the detection sensitivity and tracking capability of the missiles are greatly improved, and the high-performance fighters with 6-9 G maneuvers can be attacked in an all-round way. The Russian "shooter" P-73 is also the product of this generation.
Since the 1980s and 1990s, the fourth generation of air-to-air missiles has come out. Representative models of the United States are the close-range infrared fighting missile "Rattlesnake" AIM-9X and the medium-range intercepting air-to-air missile AIM-120A/B/C. The close-range combat missile adopts infrared imaging guidance, small strapdown inertial navigation, aerodynamic/thrust vector composite control, low resistance/super large angle of attack and other key technologies, which can effectively attack the large maneuvering target of ±90° in front of the carrier, and even realize The “over the shoulder launch” reduces the requirement for the fighter to occupy space during the air battle.
“Why is ‘over shoulder launching’ so important in modern air combat?” asked the reporter.
"If the two sides are stealth fighters, it must be no one who dares to open the radar easily, because it is not invisible when it is opened. The two sides are only visually discovered when they are about 10 kilometers apart. Because stealth planes are usually supersonic cruises, so this The 10km time is very short, no more than 20 seconds. Whoever uses the photoelectric radar to lock the opponent and launch the infrared fighting air-to-air missile will win. Once the two fighters pass by, the near-infrared fighting missile with the 'over shoulder launch' function Will also take the initiative to turn and bite the opponent."
But it is easy to develop modern air-to-air missiles. Liang Xiaogeng often said: "Technology innovation is spelled out, how can it be done?"
"A certain type of air-to-air missile is an intergenerational product. At the beginning, we also hope that we can develop faster through cooperation. But when we go to the internationally leading peers, we propose 'over the shoulder launch, the big angle of attack flight, the anti-big When overloading these three technical standards, the other party’s hands spread out, 'These three don’t say you can’t do it, we can only do one.’
He said: "This makes us realize that we have encountered difficulties in research and development before, but we can learn from abroad. But now we have learned the 'ceiling' for studying abroad. To break the 'ceiling' of this cutting-edge technology, we only rely on ourselves. Go and fight."
The development of air-to-air missiles has a strict process from pre-research to planning, initial samples, samples and stereotypes.
"The test of air-to-air missiles is particularly difficult. There is a problem in the test of a car. You can find out the cause of the fault on the spot on the spot; and a missile can't be found when it is shot out. Even if it is found, it will fall into ruins." Xie Yongqiang, director of the overall performance of a certain type of air-to-air missile, said, "In this regard, Mr. Liang proposed the idea of using a parachute to recover the test bomb, so that if the test bomb fails, it is easier to find the cause of the fault."
This move soon came into use. A test bomb fired and failed. Open the recovered body with a parachute and find out the reason on the spot. "If the body can't be recycled, I don't know how much time it will take to get back to zero." Xie Yongqiang said.
“The general character of Liang is to dare to innovate. He has a lot of new ideas.” Jia Xiaohong, a special technical expert in the aviation industry, said, “When a certain type of missile has been developed to the sample stage, the user has proposed new anti-jamming technical requirements. Others may Will find reasons to evade, and Liang always dare to take responsibility, he said to us: 'We have to hand over to the troops, we must use the products that can be used to fight." He led everyone to bury their heads for three years, and finally made this product The whole process of anti-interference ability."
The servo system performance of the missile determines the maneuverability of the missile flight. He Weiguo, the chief designer of a certain type of air-to-air missile servo system, told the reporter that in the development of this type of missile, in order to improve the maneuverability of the missile, Liang always proposed to upgrade the analog brush motor to a digital brushless motor. "At the time, we didn't know anything about 'digital brushless motor', and the pre-research on analog brushed motor has been carried out for 10 years. The person in charge disagreed with the reinvention, and Liang insisted that the technology does not upgrade, the product It is impossible to replace it, and it is difficult to upgrade. He directly found the unit leader and explained his own technical plan. With the support of the unit leader, after hard research and development, he finally won the digital brushless motor and realized this. The missile is highly mobile."
"How is the maneuverability of the air-to-air missiles we developed?" The reporter asked Liang Xiaogeng.
"With the help of the most advanced flight anti-wear service, the maximum overload that the human body can withstand is 12 G. Our current air-to-air missiles have very high overload resistance requirements. Mobility and agility are the aircraft's mobility and agility. Times, being stared at by our missiles, how did it run?!" Liang Xiaogeng was full of confidence.
"Scientific awareness has a process, and the chief division is responsible."
At a time when medium-range air-to-air missiles with a range of more than 100 kilometers are becoming more and more mature, isn’t there a real-world value of short-range combat air-to-air missiles?
"The opposite is true." Liang Xiaogeng said: "In the absence of strong electromagnetic interference between the two sides and the fact that both aircraft are not invisible, they may be found 100 kilometers away and 200 kilometers away from each other. The radar-guided medium-range airspace is launched. Missiles; in the high-mobility, three-dimensional, high stealth, complex electromagnetic environment on the air battlefield, the possibility of sudden encounters between the two fighters has increased. The two planes may find each other at about 10 kilometers, then close combat Air-to-air missiles are the weapon to seize air superiority."
Compared with the 200 kg-class medium-range air-to-air missile, the missile has only 100 kg of close-range combat air-to-air missiles, which undoubtedly has special development difficulties. "The system of guiding, controlling, guiding, propelling, etc. of an air-to-air missile should not be less, but it must be smaller, lighter and more agile," said Liang Xiaogeng.
If failure is the mother of success, then failure is the father of success. Li Younian, an expert on air-to-air missile control technology, told reporters: "Liang is not afraid of testing problems. Even if the test fails, I have never seen him frown. He always said: 'Scientific cognition has a process, failure is normal. No How do you expose the problem? 'Even if there is a problem, he does not blame others. His mantra is, 'Responsibility is in me, the chief division is responsible.'"
In fact, in Liang Xiaogeng's view, the chief teacher is not only responsible for taking responsibility, but also the key moment is to "take the lead".
There was an air-to-air missile target test, and the missile was seen passing by the target. The proximity fuse did not detonate the warhead.
Under the guidance of the monitoring instrument, the missile flew for dozens of kilometers and plunged into an original Haloxylon forest in the desert. "The shuttle forest is very dense. I can't see anyone 10 meters away. But fortunately, the missile was found by us, and the missile was broken into three." Fu Kuisheng, an expert on air-to-air missile guidance technology, said. "The most critical warhead of the missile has penetrated into the desert to be half a meter deep. At this time, the missile has been released from insurance and may be detonated at any time. Liang always insisted on digging out the missile. He let us all evacuate to safety. Take the shovel and start digging the missile."
The missile was dug out, but the missile could not be opened normally because it had been deformed. Liang Xiaogeng decided to blast it with a cutting cable for blasting. In the first blast, the shell of the missile was only cut in half; once again, the shell was cut, but the three wires that detonated the detonator broke one, which is even more dangerous. Even a little static electricity can detonate it!
As the chief teacher, no one knows more about the high explosives in the missile warhead than Liang Xiaogeng. He once told reporters: "Our target is built with a certain type of fighter, known as 'target strong,' but our missile can be discounted and shot down." In this really dangerous moment, he Just like the explosive hand, the other two wires are also cut off decisively. After removing the insulation layer of the wire, the three wires are tied together to relieve the risk of accidental detonation.
"Do you think you are stronger than the 'target strong'?" The reporter could not help but think that he was too risky.
"After dismantling, you can find the cause of the problem as soon as possible." His answer was very concise.
"The chief teacher is in charge of technology. Any technical problem is a matter of principle for me. It must not be vague." He is such a master.
Liang Xiaogeng said, "But my middle school physics teacher suggested that you are a revolutionary family.
航空武器系统专家梁晓庚：一流空空导弹 中国必须有
航空武器系统专家梁晓庚：一流空空导弹 中国必须有
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世界上最早的空空导弹不是中国人发明的。
当世界上第一代近距格斗空空导弹已经正式列装美国空军时，我人民空军对什么是空空导弹还几乎一无所知。
但也许很多人想不到，世界上空空导弹第一次实战却是发生在中国领空：一架中国人民解放军的歼5战机被“响尾蛇”空空导弹击落！我飞行员王自重英勇牺牲。用生命的代价，我们才认识了空空导弹。没有空空导弹，就没有制空权。中国的航空人从此被逼上研制空空导弹的道路。
虽然战机上的机炮仍不能废止，但曾经的机炮时代永远过去了。航空工业武器系统设计技术首席专家、空空导弹型号总设计师梁晓庚研究员说：“今天，没有导弹的战机，只能是和平鸽。只有装备了先进导弹的战机，才是战斗机。”
距那场“响尾蛇”首次亮出毒牙的空战，已有60多年，今天的人民空军是否已利箭在翼，足以守卫祖国的领空？万一有他国战机侵犯我国领空，我人民空军能否一击命中？
梁晓庚说：“尽可放心。虽然未来的战争是双方体系对体系的战争，但我们研制的空空导弹已经不比世界上性能最好的空空导弹差。世界一流的空空导弹，中国必须有！”
[人物档案]
梁晓庚，1960年6月出生于黄河边上的孟县，1982年毕业于西北工业大学导弹飞行器控制专业，参加工作后一直从事空空导弹研究工作。曾先后参加并主持了多个国家重点项目的研发及相关配套设备的研制工作，获中国专利15项、国家科技进步一等奖1项和部级成果奖10余项。现为航空工业武器系统设计技术首席专家。
“没有先进的空空导弹，战机就是和平鸽”
“我平生第一次坐飞机乘的是伊尔-76。记得那天飞机上挤了400多人。因为是军用运输机，就是一个大机舱，也没有座位，所有人一个挨一个坐在机舱地板上。飞机动力十足，‘呼’地一下子起飞了，机舱里的人倒下了一大片，惯性啊，根本就没有安全带。但因为是第一次坐飞机，我还是很难忘。”
说起最初走上研制空空导弹路的历程，最难忘的是航空人的艰辛。
研制导弹是必须去外场打靶的，能搭空军运输机的机会不多。如果带着导弹去靶场，那得坐几天几夜的火车。下了火车，还得坐长途车，在“搓板路”上再颠上整整一天。第一次到外场试验基地，梁晓庚见识了什么叫“沙窝子”，就是在沙漠里挖地三尺、只露出半个窗在地面的半地下建筑，它的优点是能最大限度地低成本防寒保暖。试验基地冬天的最低温度可达-30℃，又没有暖气，所以只能靠纯天然的地暖取暖。空空导弹仿真技术专家吴根水感叹地说：“那里冬天只要一刮风，你就是穿着皮大衣，在露天也撑不了20分钟。”
那时，到了冬天一旦大雪封路，就连后勤补给都成了难题，全靠当地老乡卖些土豆萝卜救急。梁晓庚印象最深的是，有一年，大雪阻道，试验队没吃的了，幸亏老乡赶着辆毛驴车送来了萝卜白菜。试验队的厨师还偏偏看上了毛驴，请示队长：“能不能把毛驴也买下来？”最后花了300多元买下了那头毛驴，帮着试验队坚持到了最后完成任务。
梁晓庚说：“虽然我大学本科学的就是空空导弹控制，但直到进了单位后，才真正知道空空导弹对我们空军有多重要。那时才知道王自重烈士是世界上第一个空空导弹的牺牲者，对我的刺激很大。”
史料记载，1958年9月24日上午，配备了“响尾蛇”AIM-9B空空导弹的台湾国民党空军的十多架F-86喷气式飞机，窜入我浙江温州上空。我海军航空兵某部出动战机迎战，驾驶3号战机的王自重，在战斗中与十多架敌机缠斗时，不幸被“响尾蛇”射中。
其实，那时“响尾蛇”空空导弹的命中率并不高，只有26%。这次空战，多架F-86总共发射了5枚“响尾蛇”。
“我们付出的巨大代价证实：没有空空导弹，战机就是和平鸽。现代化的空空导弹极大改变了武器装备与战机的作战效能关系。”梁晓庚分析道，“平台性能与整体作战效能是线性关系，是一次方的；而机载航电系统（雷达和火控系统）与平台是二次方关系，如航电系统性能提高2倍，战机的作战效能就能提高4倍；但导弹与作战平台的关系是四次方关系，如果将导弹的性能提高一倍，战机的整体作战效能就能提高16倍。我们空军现在已经装备了现代化先进战机，但如果没有现代化的空空导弹，就难以将现代化战机的作战效能发挥到极致。而研制现代化的空空导弹，就是我们的使命！”
“新技术是闯出来的，也是拼出来的”
1982年6月，以色列在贝卡谷地上空，用近距格斗红外导弹打出了82∶0的战绩，令世界震惊。
“第一代空空导弹以美国的‘响尾蛇’AIM–9B和苏联的K-13为代表，采用的是电子管技术，主要用于攻击亚音速轰炸机。因其红外探测和机动能力等有限，AIM–9B仅具有尾后攻击功能。空战时，谁占据了尾后攻击区，谁就抢占了先机。而第二代空空导弹以美国的‘响尾蛇’AIM-9D、苏联的‘蚜虫’P-60和法国的‘玛特拉’R-550为代表，采用的攻击方式略有进步，为后半球攻击，用于攻击机动能力达3-4个G的轰炸机等目标。美军还有雷达制导的‘麻雀’中距空空导弹。”梁晓庚介绍说。
上世纪70年代后期，第三代空空导弹登场，代表性的是美军的“响尾蛇”AIM-9L和AIM-9M，具有在3-5公里之外迎头攻击的能力。这时电子产品走向成熟，导弹的探测灵敏度和跟踪能力极大提高，能全向攻击以6-9个G机动的高性能战斗机，俄罗斯的“射手”P-73也是这一代产品。
从上个世纪八九十年代起，第四代空空导弹问世。美国代表性的型号是近距红外格斗导弹“响尾蛇”AIM-9X和中距拦射空空导弹AIM-120A/B/C。近距格斗导弹采用红外成像制导、小型捷联惯导、气动力/推力矢量复合控制，低阻/超大攻角等关键技术，能有效攻击载机前方±90°的大机动目标，甚至可实现“越肩发射”，降低了战斗机空战时占位的要求。
“为什么‘越肩发射’在现代空战中这么重要？”记者问。
“如果双方是隐身战机对决，一定是谁也不敢轻易打开雷达，因为打开就不隐身了，双方直到相距10公里左右时才靠目视发现。因为隐身飞机通常都是超音速巡航，所以这10公里的时间非常短，不会超过20秒，谁先用光电雷达锁定对手、发射红外格斗空空导弹者胜。一旦双方战机擦身而过，有‘越肩发射’功能的近距红外格斗导弹也会主动转弯紧咬对手不放。”
但研制现代化的空空导弹谈何容易。梁晓庚常说：“科技创新是拼出来的，不拼怎么行？”
“某型空空导弹是跨代产品，最初我们也希望能通过合作的方式发展得快一点，但当我们去找了国际上实力领先的同行，提出‘越肩发射、大攻角飞行、抗大过载’这3条技术标准时，对方双手一摊说，‘这3条别说你们做不到，我们也只能做到1条’。”
他说：“这让我们意识到：之前我们研发中遇到难题，还能向国外学习；但如今对外学习已经学到‘天花板’了。要打破这个尖端技术的‘天花板’，只有靠我们自己去闯、去拼了。”
空空导弹的研制从预研开始，到方案、初样、试样、定型，有着严格的流程。
“空空导弹的试验特别难。一辆车试验中出了问题，可以当场在车上排查出故障原因；而一枚导弹打出去往往就找不到了，即使找到了它也摔成残骸了。”某型空空导弹总体性能主任设计师谢永强说，“对此，梁总就提出了用降落伞回收试验弹的设想，这样万一试验弹发生故障，就比较容易查找故障原因了。”
这一招不久后果然派上了用场。有一枚试验弹发射后，发生故障。打开用降落伞回收完好的弹体一查，当场就找到了原因。“如果弹体不能回收，不知要多花多少时间故障才能‘归零’呢。”谢永强说。
“梁总的特点是敢于创新，他新点子特别多。”航空工业特级技术专家贾晓洪说，“在某型导弹研制已进行到试样阶段时，用户提出了新的抗干扰技术要求。别人也许会找理由推脱，而梁总敢于担当，他对我们说：‘我们交给部队的，必须是好用管用能打仗的产品。’他带领大家又埋头攻关了3年，终于使这款产品具备了全程抗干扰能力。”
导弹的伺服系统性能决定着导弹飞行的机动性。某型空空导弹伺服系统主任设计师何卫国告诉记者，在该型导弹研制中，为了提高导弹的机动性，梁总提出必须将模拟有刷电机升级为数字无刷电机。“当时我们对‘数字无刷电机’一无所知，而对模拟有刷电机的预研已进行了10年。有关负责人不同意推倒重来，而梁总坚持说，技术不升级，产品就不可能换代，再难也要升级换代。他直接找到单位领导，阐述了自己的技术方案。在单位领导的支持下，经过艰辛的研发，终于拿下了数字无刷电机，实现了这款导弹的高度机动性。”
“我们研制的空空导弹的机动性究竟如何？”记者问梁晓庚。
“在最先进的飞行抗荷服帮助下，人体可承受的最大过载是12个G。我们现在的空空导弹的抗过载要求非常大，机动性、敏捷性是飞机的机动性和敏捷性的好几倍，被我们的导弹盯上，它怎么跑得了？！”梁晓庚满脸自信。
“科学认知有个过程，总师就是承担责任的”
在射程百公里以上的中距空空导弹越来越成熟的当下，是不是近距格斗空空导弹已经没有太大的实战价值了？
“恰恰相反。”梁晓庚说，“在双方没有很强的电磁干扰、双方飞机都不隐身的情况下，可能彼此远在100公里、200公里以外都发现了，发射的是雷达制导的中距空空导弹；而在高机动、立体化、高隐身、复杂电磁环境的空中战场上，双方战机突然遭遇的可能性反而加大了。双方飞机可能在10公里左右时才互相发现，那时近距格斗空空导弹才是夺取制空权的利器。”
而相对弹体200公斤级的中距空空导弹，弹体只有100公斤级的近距格斗空空导弹，无疑有着特殊的研制难度。“一枚空空导弹应有的导引、控制、引战、推进等系统一样也不能少，但必须更小更轻更敏捷。”梁晓庚说。
如果说失败是成功之母，那不怕失败就是成功之父。空空导弹控制技术专家李友年告诉记者：“梁总不怕试验出问题，即使试验失败了，我也从没见他愁眉苦脸的。他总是说：‘科学认知有个过程，失败是正常的。不打怎么暴露问题？’即使出了问题他也不怨别人，他的口头禅是，‘责任在我，总师就是承担责任的’。”
其实，在梁晓庚看来，总师不仅是来承担责任的，而且关键时刻是用来“身先士卒”的。
有一次空空导弹打靶试验，眼看着导弹与靶机擦肩而过，近炸引信却没有引爆战斗部。
在监测仪器的跟踪下，这枚导弹飞行了几十公里，扎进了沙漠里的一片原始梭梭林中。“那片梭梭林很密，10米之外就见不到人了。但万幸的是导弹被我们找到了，可导弹断成了3截。”空空导弹导引技术专家付奎生说，“导弹最关键的战斗部扎进了沙漠里有半米多深，这时导弹已经解除了保险，随时可能引爆。梁总却坚持要把导弹挖出来，他让我们都撤到安全地带，自己带把铁锹开始挖导弹。”
导弹是挖出来了，但因为弹体已经变形，无法正常打开。梁晓庚决定用爆破用的切割索将它炸开。第一次爆破，导弹的壳体只切割开了一半；再一次爆破，壳体是切开了，但引爆雷管的3根导线却炸断了1根，这更危险了。哪怕一点点静电都有可能将它引爆！
作为总师，没有人比梁晓庚更了解导弹战斗部里高爆炸药的厉害。他曾对记者说过：“我们的靶机是用某型战斗机改建的，号称‘靶坚强’，但我们的导弹一枚就能将它打折、击落。”可在这真正危险的时刻，他就像排爆手一样果断地将另2根导线也剪断，去掉导线的绝缘层后利索地将3根导线绑在一起，解除了意外引爆的危险。
“你觉得自己比‘靶坚强’还坚强吗？”记者不能不觉得他太冒险。
“拆了才能尽快找到故障原因。”他回答很简洁。
“总师就是管技术的，凡是技术问题对我都是原则问题，决不能含糊。”他就是这么个总师。
梁晓庚说，“但我的中学物理老师建议说，你是革命家庭出身，为什么不投身国防工业呢？”
在研制某型空空导弹时，他对传统的控制方式提出异议，但大多数人认为出问题的概率很低，仍坚持采用传统的控制方式，他坚持保留意见。试验时，被他不幸而言中。“为什么小概率事件发生的可能性很大？这就是墨菲定律，”梁晓庚认为自己的坚持是有科学根据的，“任何一件事如果有两种选择，其中一种将导致灾难，则必定会发生。”
“梁总平时待人没有架子，但工作起来绝对严实，没有任何含糊。”曾负责空空导弹工艺技术管理的郭晓楠说。
有一次，梁晓庚应邀参加某型导弹的技术评审。按设计原则，应当是先做导弹的低温试验，再做高温试验。但在做低温试验时，出现了问题。研制人员找不出故障原因，就改为先做高温试验，再做低温试验，竟然成功了。梁晓庚知情后，毫不客气地拍了桌子：“导弹先做低温试验是有科学根据的，它随载机升空，最先经受的就是低温考验，长时间飞行后温度升高，再经受高温考验，这怎么能变呢？从低温的特点找故障原因，才能真正解决问题啊。”
在他的指点下，研制团队果然找到了症结所在。
如今，中国的空空导弹实现了从第三代到第四代的跨越，使我们的空空导弹整体达到了世界先进水平。
2016年，梁晓庚主持研制的一款外贸型空空导弹公开亮相，引起国内外军界极大关注。美国环球战略网评价说：“该型导弹与美国最先进的‘响尾蛇’导弹性能不相上下，真正实现飞行员看哪打哪。”
梁晓庚说：“把我们的国防做得更强大，让别人不能来战、不敢来战，保卫祖国的和平，这就是我们的使命和目的。”
记者手记
长空铸箭人的报国情怀
采访梁晓庚前，记者曾揣测：他是不是从小就是个喜欢飞机导弹的军迷？
“我高中毕业时最大的理想其实是当一名治病救人的医生，最想考的是第四军医大学。”梁晓庚说，“但我的中学物理老师建议说，你是革命家庭出身，为什么不投身国防工业呢？”梁晓庚的父亲16岁就到太行山抗日根据地当抗战政府的秘书，很多亲戚都是“老八路”。他转念一想，对啊！就这样选择了西北工业大学，成为西工大恢复高考后的导弹飞行器控制专业第一届本科生。
“我觉得自己非常幸运的是，一进单位，就感受到单位非常好的氛围和传统，那就是技术人员潜心钻研专业技术，全院上下最尊敬的是技术权威。当时单位有两位老专家，一位是研究红外导引头的张明，一位是研究引信战斗部的张荫锡。两位都没有行政领导职务，但被推荐为全国人大代表，鼓励我们年轻人以老专家为榜样，这对我选择沉下心来钻研业务的影响非常大。”梁晓庚说。
为了长空铸箭，梁晓庚平均每周工作近80小时，只休过一次假，还晚去了3天。这3天里，他主持发射了2枚试验弹。
他说：“一枚空空导弹有数千个零部件，有百多家企业合作。导弹打成了，是整个研发团队的成绩，不是我个人。”
出处：文汇报
作者：郑蔚
Aviation Weapon System Expert Liang Xiaogeng: First-class air-to-air missiles China must have
Aviation Weapon System Expert Liang Xiaogeng: First-class air-to-air missiles China must have
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The earliest air-to-air missiles in the world were not invented by the Chinese.
When the world’s first generation of close combat air-to-air missiles had officially been installed in the US Air Force, the People’s Air Force had almost no knowledge of what air-to-air missiles were.
But perhaps many people can't think that the first actual combat of air-to-air missiles in the world occurred in China's airspace: a Chinese People's Liberation Army's 歼5 fighter was shot down by the "Rattlesnake" air-to-air missile! My pilot Wang Zizhong died heroically. At the cost of life, we only knew about air-to-air missiles. Without air-to-air missiles, there is no air superiority. China’s aviation people have since been forced to develop air-to-air missiles.
Although the cannons on the fighter plane could not be abolished, the era of the cannons used to pass. Researcher Liang Xiaogeng, chief expert of aviation industry weapon system design technology and chief designer of air-to-air missile model, said: "Today, fighters without missiles can only be peace pigeons. Only fighters equipped with advanced missiles are fighters."
It has been more than 60 years since the "Rattlesnake" first appeared in the air battle of fangs. Has the People’s Air Force today been able to defend the airspace of the motherland? In the event that another country’s warplane violates China’s airspace, can the People’s Air Force hit a hit?
Liang Xiaogeng said: "I can rest assured. Although the future war is a war between the two systems, the air-to-air missiles we have developed are no worse than the best air-to-air missiles in the world. World-class air-to-air missiles must be in China!"
At the base, the air-to-air missile developed by Liang Xiaogeng successfully shot down the target. At the base, the air-to-air missile developed by Liang Xiaogeng successfully shot down the target.
[person profile]
Liang Xiaogeng was born in Mengxian County on the edge of the Yellow River in June 1960. He graduated from Northwestern Polytechnical University in 1982 with a major in missile control. After participating in the work, he has been engaged in air-to-air missile research. He has participated in and presided over the research and development of several national key projects and related equipment development, and won 15 Chinese patents, 1 national science and technology progress first prize and 10 ministerial achievement awards. He is currently the chief expert in the design of aerospace industry weapon systems.
In 2004, Liang Xiaogeng won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award and laughed for the certificate. In 2004, Liang Xiaogeng won the first prize of the National Science and Technology Progress Award and laughed for the certificate.
"Without advanced air-to-air missiles, the fighter is the dove of peace."
"I used to fly for the first time in my life, I'm -76. I remember that there were more than 400 people on the plane that day. Because it was a military transport plane, it was a big cabin, and there was no seat. Everyone sat on the cabin floor. The plane was full of power, and the 'hull' took off at once. The people in the cabin fell down a lot. Inertia, there was no seat belt at all. But because it was the first time I took the plane, I still had a hard time forgetting."
Speaking of the initial journey of developing an air-to-air missile road, the most memorable thing is the hardships of aviation people.
Guided weapon model guided weapon model
To develop a missile, it is necessary to go to the field to shoot, and there are not many opportunities to take the Air Force transport aircraft. If you take the missile to the shooting range, you have to take a few days and nights of train. When I got off the train, I had to take a long-distance bus and put it on the "Shouban Road" for another whole day. The first time I went to the field test base, Liang Xiaogeng saw what is called “Shawozi”. It is a semi-underground building that digs three feet in the desert and only exposes half of the window on the ground. It has the advantage of maximizing low cost. Cold and warm. The test base has a minimum temperature of -30 ° C in winter and no heating, so it can only be heated by natural floor heating. Wu Genshui, an expert on air-to-air missile simulation technology, sighed and said: "When there is a wind in winter, you are wearing a fur coat and can't hold it for 20 minutes in the open air."
At that time, once the snow was closed in winter, even the logistics supply became a problem. It relied on the local villagers to sell some potatoes and radishes. The most impressive thing about Liang Xiaogeng was that one year, the heavy snow blocked the road, and the test team did not eat it. Fortunately, the fellow villagers rushed the donkey car and sent the radish cabbage. The chef of the test team also looked at the donkey and asked the captain: "Can you buy the donkey?" Finally, I spent more than 300 yuan to buy the donkey and helped the test team to finish the task.
Liang Xiaogeng said: "Although my university's undergraduate degree is air-to-air missile control, it was not until I entered the unit that I really knew how important air-to-air missiles were to our air force. Only then did we know that Wang Zizhong's martyrs were the world's first air-to-air missiles. The victim is very irritating to me."
According to historical records, on the morning of September 24, 1958, more than 10 F-86 jets of the Taiwan KMT Air Force equipped with the "Rattlesnake" AIM-9B air-to-air missile broke into the airspace of Wenzhou, Zhejiang. One of our naval air forces dispatched a warplane to fight, and Wang Zizhong, who was driving the No. 3 fighter, was unfortunately shot by the "Rattlesnake" when he was fighting with more than a dozen enemy planes in the battle.
In fact, the "Rattlesnake" air-to-air missile hit rate was not high at that time, only 26%. In this air battle, a number of F-86s fired a total of five "Rattlesnakes".
"The huge cost we have confirmed proves that there is no air-to-air missile, and the fighter is a dove of peace. Modern air-to-air missiles have greatly changed the operational effectiveness of weapons and fighters." Liang Xiaogeng analyzed, "The performance of the platform is linear with the overall operational effectiveness. Once on the air; the airborne avionics system (radar and fire control system) and the platform are quadratic, such as the performance of the avionics system is increased by 2 times, the combat effectiveness of the aircraft can be increased by 4 times; but the missile and combat platform The relationship is a quadratic relationship. If the performance of the missile is doubled, the overall operational effectiveness of the aircraft can be increased by 16 times. Our Air Force is now equipped with modern and advanced fighters, but without modern air-to-air missiles, it is difficult to modernize the fighters. The combat effectiveness is at its peak. The development of modern air-to-air missiles is our mission!"
"The new technology is coming out and it is also spelled out."
The 歼20 fighters demonstrated their domestic air-to-air missiles for the first time at the Zhuhai Air Show. The 歼20 fighters demonstrated their domestic air-to-air missiles for the first time at the Zhuhai Air Show.
In June 1982, Israel over the Bekaa Valley, with a close combat infrared missile hit a record of 82:0, shocked the world.
"The first generation of air-to-air missiles, represented by the American 'Rattlesnake' AIM-9B and the Soviet K-13, are based on electron tube technology and are mainly used to attack subsonic bombers. Due to their limited infrared detection and maneuverability, AIM– 9B only has a tail-attack function. In the air battle, whoever occupies the attack area in the tail, whoever seizes the opportunity. The second-generation air-to-air missile is the American 'Rattlesnake' AIM-9D, the Soviet 'Aphid' P-60. Represented by France's 'Matra' R-550, the attack method used was slightly improved, targeting the rear hemisphere attack and attacking aircraft with a maneuverability of 3-4 G. The US military also has radar-guided ' Sparrow's medium-range air-to-air missile." Liang Xiaogeng said.
In the late 1970s, the third generation of air-to-air missiles appeared, representative of the US military's "Rattlesnake" AIM-9L and AIM-9M, with the ability to attack head-on 3-5 km away. At this time, the electronic products are maturing, the detection sensitivity and tracking capability of the missiles are greatly improved, and the high-performance fighters with 6-9 G maneuvers can be attacked in an all-round way. The Russian "shooter" P-73 is also the product of this generation.
Since the 1980s and 1990s, the fourth generation of air-to-air missiles has come out. Representative models of the United States are the close-range infrared fighting missile "Rattlesnake" AIM-9X and the medium-range intercepting air-to-air missile AIM-120A/B/C. The close-range combat missile adopts infrared imaging guidance, small strapdown inertial navigation, aerodynamic/thrust vector composite control, low resistance/super large angle of attack and other key technologies, which can effectively attack the large maneuvering target of ±90° in front of the carrier, and even realize The “over the shoulder launch” reduces the requirement for the fighter to occupy space during the air battle.
“Why is ‘over shoulder launching’ so important in modern air combat?” asked the reporter.
"If the two sides are stealth fighters, it must be no one who dares to open the radar easily, because it is not invisible when it is opened. The two sides are only visually discovered when they are about 10 kilometers apart. Because stealth planes are usually supersonic cruises, so this The 10km time is very short, no more than 20 seconds. Whoever uses the photoelectric radar to lock the opponent and launch the infrared fighting air-to-air missile will win. Once the two fighters pass by, the near-infrared fighting missile with the 'over shoulder launch' function Will also take the initiative to turn and bite the opponent."
But it is easy to develop modern air-to-air missiles. Liang Xiaogeng often said: "Technology innovation is spelled out, how can it be done?"
"A certain type of air-to-air missile is an intergenerational product. At the beginning, we also hope that we can develop faster through cooperation. But when we go to the internationally leading peers, we propose 'over the shoulder launch, the big angle of attack flight, the anti-big When overloading these three technical standards, the other party’s hands spread out, 'These three don’t say you can’t do it, we can only do one.’
He said: "This makes us realize that we have encountered difficulties in research and development before, but we can learn from abroad. But now we have learned the 'ceiling' for studying abroad. To break the 'ceiling' of this cutting-edge technology, we only rely on ourselves. Go and fight."
The development of air-to-air missiles has a strict process from pre-research to planning, initial samples, samples and stereotypes.
"The test of air-to-air missiles is particularly difficult. There is a problem in the test of a car. You can find out the cause of the fault on the spot on the spot; and a missile can't be found when it is shot out. Even if it is found, it will fall into ruins." Xie Yongqiang, director of the overall performance of a certain type of air-to-air missile, said, "In this regard, Mr. Liang proposed the idea of using a parachute to recover the test bomb, so that if the test bomb fails, it is easier to find the cause of the fault."
This move soon came into use. A test bomb fired and failed. Open the recovered body with a parachute and find out the reason on the spot. "If the body can't be recycled, I don't know how much time it will take to get back to zero." Xie Yongqiang said.
“The general character of Liang is to dare to innovate. He has a lot of new ideas.” Jia Xiaohong, a special technical expert in the aviation industry, said, “When a certain type of missile has been developed to the sample stage, the user has proposed new anti-jamming technical requirements. Others may Will find reasons to evade, and Liang always dare to take responsibility, he said to us: 'We have to hand over to the troops, we must use the products that can be used to fight." He led everyone to bury their heads for three years, and finally made this product The whole process of anti-interference ability."
The servo system performance of the missile determines the maneuverability of the missile flight. He Weiguo, the chief designer of a certain type of air-to-air missile servo system, told the reporter that in the development of this type of missile, in order to improve the maneuverability of the missile, Liang always proposed to upgrade the analog brush motor to a digital brushless motor. "At the time, we didn't know anything about 'digital brushless motor', and the pre-research on analog brushed motor has been carried out for 10 years. The person in charge disagreed with the reinvention, and Liang insisted that the technology does not upgrade, the product It is impossible to replace it, and it is difficult to upgrade. He directly found the unit leader and explained his own technical plan. With the support of the unit leader, after hard research and development, he finally won the digital brushless motor and realized this. The missile is highly mobile."
"How is the maneuverability of the air-to-air missiles we developed?" The reporter asked Liang Xiaogeng.
"With the help of the most advanced flight anti-wear service, the maximum overload that the human body can withstand is 12 G. Our current air-to-air missiles have very high overload resistance requirements. Mobility and agility are the aircraft's mobility and agility. Times, being stared at by our missiles, how did it run?!" Liang Xiaogeng was full of confidence.
"Scientific awareness has a process, and the chief division is responsible."
At a time when medium-range air-to-air missiles with a range of more than 100 kilometers are becoming more and more mature, isn’t there a real-world value of short-range combat air-to-air missiles?
"The opposite is true." Liang Xiaogeng said: "In the absence of strong electromagnetic interference between the two sides and the fact that both aircraft are not invisible, they may be found 100 kilometers away and 200 kilometers away from each other. The radar-guided medium-range airspace is launched. Missiles; in the high-mobility, three-dimensional, high stealth, complex electromagnetic environment on the air battlefield, the possibility of sudden encounters between the two fighters has increased. The two planes may find each other at about 10 kilometers, then close combat Air-to-air missiles are the weapon to seize air superiority."
Compared with the 200 kg-class medium-range air-to-air missile, the missile has only 100 kg of close-range combat air-to-air missiles, which undoubtedly has special development difficulties. "The system of guiding, controlling, guiding, propelling, etc. of an air-to-air missile should not be less, but it must be smaller, lighter and more agile," said Liang Xiaogeng.
If failure is the mother of success, then failure is the father of success. Li Younian, an expert on air-to-air missile control technology, told reporters: "Liang is not afraid of testing problems. Even if the test fails, I have never seen him frown. He always said: 'Scientific cognition has a process, failure is normal. No How do you expose the problem? 'Even if there is a problem, he does not blame others. His mantra is, 'Responsibility is in me, the chief division is responsible.'"
In fact, in Liang Xiaogeng's view, the chief teacher is not only responsible for taking responsibility, but also the key moment is to "take the lead".
There was an air-to-air missile target test, and the missile was seen passing by the target. The proximity fuse did not detonate the warhead.
Under the guidance of the monitoring instrument, the missile flew for dozens of kilometers and plunged into an original Haloxylon forest in the desert. "The shuttle forest is very dense. I can't see anyone 10 meters away. But fortunately, the missile was found by us, and the missile was broken into three." Fu Kuisheng, an expert on air-to-air missile guidance technology, said. "The most critical warhead of the missile has penetrated into the desert to be half a meter deep. At this time, the missile has been released from insurance and may be detonated at any time. Liang always insisted on digging out the missile. He let us all evacuate to safety. Take the shovel and start digging the missile."
The missile was dug out, but the missile could not be opened normally because it had been deformed. Liang Xiaogeng decided to blast it with a cutting cable for blasting. In the first blast, the shell of the missile was only cut in half; once again, the shell was cut, but the three wires that detonated the detonator broke one, which is even more dangerous. Even a little static electricity can detonate it!
As the chief teacher, no one knows more about the high explosives in the missile warhead than Liang Xiaogeng. He once told reporters: "Our target is built with a certain type of fighter, known as 'target strong,' but our missile can be discounted and shot down." In this really dangerous moment, he Just like the explosive hand, the other two wires are also cut off decisively. After removing the insulation layer of the wire, the three wires are tied together to relieve the risk of accidental detonation.
"Do you think you are stronger than the 'target strong'?" The reporter could not help but think that he was too risky.
"After dismantling, you can find the cause of the problem as soon as possible." His answer was very concise.
"The chief teacher is in charge of technology. Any technical problem is a matter of principle for me. It must not be vague." He is such a master.
Liang Xiaogeng said, "But my middle school physics teacher suggested that you are a revolutionary family.
