Currently, the majority of Singapore’s newest MRT trains are manufactured in China, often by consortia involving companies like Bombardier/Alstom or Kawasaki-CRRC Qingdao Sifang, though design and engineering frequently involve German or Japanese expertise. While Japan played a significant role in the early days of the MRT and continues to contribute through partnerships, the actual production of recent trains has largely shifted to China for cost reasons. If you’re looking at the trains on the NSEWL today, they’re likely part of the 106 China-made batch that began rolling out in 2022, even if their design has Japanese or German roots.