https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2020-04-27/doc-iircuyvi0072465.shtml
外媒：巴基斯坦购100辆中国VT4坦克 性能远超印度T90
外媒：巴基斯坦购100辆中国VT4坦克 性能远超印度T90
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2020年4月，中国内蒙古第一机械集团举行仪式，正式交付一批全新的VT4主战坦克。根据外电报道，这批坦克是巴基斯坦陆军订购的，总数100辆以上。这也意味着中巴双方坦克部门20多年的共同努力终于修成正果。
[一机集团在科研所办公楼前举行交车仪式]
早在上世纪90年代，中国军贸出口部门就在和巴基斯坦陆军研究讨论新一代主战坦克的问题。巴基斯坦装备主战坦克，主要是为了用来对抗印度陆军的坦克装备。虽然两国近些年的冲突都发生在克什米尔地区，但实际上真正的战略要地是在较为平坦的印度河流域，包括该国的信德省、旁遮普省等地。
旁遮普省与印度旁遮普邦属于同一块平原，几乎是一马平川，从卫星图像上就可以看到密集的农田和村庄。这里是巴基斯坦的粮食主产区。从2006年起，巴基斯坦开始向中国出口大米，来源就是这块富饶的平原。能不能保住旁遮普省和信德省，直接关系到巴基斯坦近两亿多人口的吃饭问题。反过来，边境线对面的旁遮普邦，是印度最大的商品粮基地和优质棉花产地，同样决定了印度的吃饭问题。
[旁遮普省是巴基斯坦的粮仓]
这样的边境态势，决定了一旦两国开战，这里才是铁骑对冲的主战场，也决定了坦克在巴基斯坦陆军装备体系中，是摆在最优先位置的。
上世纪80年代，印度开始从苏联进口T72主战坦克，对巴基斯坦构成了严重威胁。巴开始向国际市场谋求能够压制T72的第三代主战坦克。由于当时中国尚未完全掌握第三代主战坦克的各项技术，所提供的样车并不能满足巴基斯坦的需求，巴被迫从乌克兰进口了一批T80坦克。
然而坦克并不是珠宝，一支陆军装备某个型号的坦克后，需要为之建立完善的训练、弹药供应、维护、维修、战场抢修、升级改进能力。这一切，都不是甩卖库存的乌克兰所能提供的。巴基斯坦要想用合理价格建立一支完整的现代坦克部队，还是只能求助于中国。因此，巴方还是坚定地表示，愿意和中国合作，研制一种真正令人满意的坦克。
[2015年巴基斯坦阅兵式上的90-2]
当时，99式主战坦克的研制已经取得阶段性成功。包括125毫米滑膛炮、自动装弹机、先进火控系统、高性能复合装甲、大吨位长寿命行走系统已经突破。在这样的技术基础上，一机为巴基斯坦设计了90-2主战坦克。但当时面临的最大困难，就是没有合适的动力系统。99式的发动机虽然实现了1200马力的输出功率，但采用了纵置构型，虽然有便于散热等优点，但是更适用于较大吨位的重型主战坦克，超过了巴方的需求。
[VT4在巴基斯坦测试]
中巴双方为此在国际市场上反复寻找合适的动力包。起初，巴方看中了德国产品，但是出口许可被德国国家安全委员会否决。英国和法国都同意提供动力包，要价却吓退了财力有限的巴陆军。几经辗转，双方还是选定了乌克兰生产的6TD2。6TD2采用两冲程柴油机，功率达到1200马力，结构紧凑、性能出色。虽然乌克兰方面得知巴方采购意图后，大幅度调高了价格，但由于中方没有在整车定价上谋取暴利，所以整车定价还是控制在了巴方可以接受的范围内。就这样，一种优秀的第三代主战坦克诞生了。在正式出口的时候，90-2的名字改成了MBT-2000，巴基斯坦方面赋予它“哈立德”的名字。
就在90-2出口项目实施的同时，俄罗斯开始大规模出口T90S坦克，最大的用户就是印度。综合比较90-2和T90S，前者的各方面指标都有不同程度的超过，包括单位功率、火控系统性能、装甲防护、信息化水平、火炮寿命和精度、配用弹药威力等，都占据优势。因此，巴基斯坦陆军拿到90-2坦克后爱不释手，不但积极训练使用，还高调向外界展示。一时间成为国际市场上的爆款型号。
但是人们可以注意到这样一个事实，虽然90-2被称为全球性价比最高的主战坦克，但是它的后续订单却很少，只有缅甸和摩洛哥少量购买。这其中当然有国际政治军事外交的复杂因素，但一个不可忽视的原因是，乌克兰已经失去了提供合格6TD2的能力。由于乌克兰政局不稳，经济崩溃，内战不止，作为前苏联三大坦克基地之一的哈尔科夫市长期不能正常生产。庞大的坦克发动机厂不但失去了年轻技工，甚至连基本的水电供应都无法保证，只能靠老技师勉强维持小规模生产，发动机质量每况愈下。无论中巴都无法再与它长期合作了。
巴陆军对90-2虽然相当满意，但依然有一个重大缺憾。6TD-2配用的是机械式变速箱，驾驶员还是要靠两个排挡杆来分别控制左右履带。严格来说，这并不符合先进坦克的标准。巴基斯坦虽然没有强大的军事工业，却是国际军贸市场上受欢迎的客户，见识过西方的所有先进坦克。这些先进的坦克都采用了液离机械综合变速体系，对驾驶员来说，就是方向盘转向、自动挡变速。这才是巴基斯坦真正想要的。所以哈里德坦克对巴坦克兵来说，有那么一点退而求其次的味道。而且6TD-2采用两冲程发动机，油耗比四冲程发动机高一些。导致90-2的储备行程只有430千米，比T90S短了那么100多千米。在实战中，这意味着少一次战术行动的机会。
中国坦克工业同样渴望着能够满足老朋友的要求，然而自动变速箱和发动机一样，是工业皇冠上的明珠，想要把它摘取下来，必须付出漫长而艰苦的努力。90-2坦克定型后不久，内蒙一机向自动变速箱技术发起了挑战，也就是90-3，取得了阶段性成果，为后续工作积累了经验。90-2坦克批产合同签订后不久，中国国内装备的99A主战坦克的正式研制成功，彻底掌握了1500马力大功率坦克发动机和自动变速箱的技术。一机迅速行动起来，在99A动力系统基础上研制了一种全新的动力包。首先把发动机功率调低到1200马力来延长使用寿命，减少更换新发动机的需求，更适合巴基斯坦这种财力有限的用户；然后是把发动机从纵置改成横置，这样就可以采用更短、更轻的车体；最后当然是配套一台自动变速箱。有了先进的动力系统，一机对90-2做了全面的重新设计，特别是优化了车体结构和装甲防护，换用了全新的高性能信息化火控系统和数字化战场设备，并且加装了最受热带坦克兵欢迎的空调。这就是VT4。
[巴方考察乌克兰“堡垒”坦克]
VT4第一辆样车在2012年前后研制成功。巴基斯坦军方对这个型号一直保持着高度关注，高级军官多次前来试驾试射。然而，由于国内经济遭遇严重困难，巴坦克兵一直没能申请到采购VT4的经费。眼看时间一天天过去，为了不让新一代坦克计划就这样泡汤。巴陆军采取了“曲线救国”的策略。每年申请少量经费，在世界范围内广泛开展型号考察。期间一度传出巴基斯坦有意采购土耳其“阿尔泰”坦克和乌克兰“堡垒”坦克的消息。但熟悉中巴坦克合作的人都知道，VT4才是巴陆军心中的唯一。早在2017年，VT4就前往巴基斯坦，和“堡垒”坦克开展了一场对比试验。结果VT4以大比分胜出。2019年，媒体传出消息，巴基斯坦正式决定批量采购VT4。
[泰国陆军的VT4集群]
在这段等待的时间里，国际坦克市场也不是静止的。VT4引起了第三世界陆军的广泛关注，泰国成了VT4的第一个用户。舒适的驾乘体验、精准强大的火炮、冷风强劲的空调，让泰国陆军喜出望外，也成就了中国制造的一段新传奇。
但是从交付仪式上的实车来看，巴基斯坦得到的VT4与泰国陆军的型号有所不同。巴军VT4正面防护又得到了进一步加强。这很有可能是为了应对印度改进坦克装备和反坦克装备的现实。
根据国外媒体的报道，巴方这一轮采购的VT4数量为100辆。虽然远不如印度T90S的数量，但在性能上拉开了代差，形成了显著的质量优势。
这也就让印度坦克部队处在非常尴尬的境地，无论自行研制的“阿琼2”还是俄罗斯可以提供的T90SM，都远不是VT4的对手，俄罗斯的最新型号T-14阿玛塔不但远没有达到可以服役的程度，性能如何也没有得到验证。这样的局面能让双方更长久地保持和平相处，让旁遮普省和旁遮普邦的农夫安心耕种，为两国人民提供源源不绝的粮食。
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新浪神评局20200428期
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Foreign media: Pakistan buys 100 Chinese VT4 tanks with far better performance than Indian T90
Foreign media: Pakistan buys 100 Chinese VT4 tanks with far better performance than Indian T90
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In April 2020, China's Inner Mongolia First Machinery Group held a ceremony to officially deliver a batch of brand new VT4 main battle tanks. According to foreign reports, these tanks were ordered by the Pakistan Army, with a total of more than 100 vehicles. This also means that the joint efforts of the tank departments of China and Pakistan for more than 20 years have finally achieved a positive result.
[Yiji Group held a delivery ceremony in front of the office building of the scientific research institute]
As early as the 1990s, the Chinese military trade export department was studying and discussing the issue of the new generation of main battle tanks with the Pakistan Army. Pakistan is equipped with main battle tanks, mainly to fight against tank equipment of the Indian Army. Although the conflict between the two countries has occurred in Kashmir in recent years, the actual strategic location is actually in the relatively flat Indus Valley, including the country ’s Sindh and Punjab provinces.
Punjab Province and Punjab in India belong to the same plain, almost a flat river, and dense farmland and villages can be seen from satellite images. This is the main grain producing area in Pakistan. Since 2006, Pakistan has begun exporting rice to China, and the source is this fertile plain. Whether or not Punjab and Sindh can be kept is directly related to the food problem of more than 200 million people in Pakistan. In turn, Punjab, across the border, is India's largest commodity grain base and high-quality cotton producer, and it also determines India's food issues.
[Punjab is a granary in Pakistan]
This kind of border situation determines that once the two countries go to war, this is the main battlefield of Tieqi Hedging. It also determines that the tank is the top priority in the Pakistani army equipment system.
In the 1980s, India began importing T72 main battle tanks from the Soviet Union, posing a serious threat to Pakistan. Pakistan began to seek the third-generation main battle tank that could suppress the T72 from the international market. Since China had not yet fully mastered the technologies of the third-generation main battle tanks at that time, the prototype provided did not meet Pakistan ’s needs, and Pakistan was forced to import a batch of T80 tanks from Ukraine.
However, tanks are not jewelry. After an army is equipped with a certain type of tank, it needs to establish perfect training, ammunition supply, maintenance, repair, battlefield repair, and upgrade and improvement capabilities. None of this can be provided by Ukraine, which sells stocks. If Pakistan wants to build a complete modern tank force at a reasonable price, it can only resort to China. Therefore, the Pakistani side firmly expressed its willingness to cooperate with China to develop a truly satisfactory tank.
[90-2 in the Pakistan military parade in 2015]
At that time, the development of the 99-type main battle tank had achieved stage success. Including 125mm smoothbore gun, automatic loader, advanced fire control system, high-performance composite armor, large-tonnage long-life walking system has been broken. On the basis of such technology, a plane designed the 90-2 main battle tank for Pakistan. But the biggest difficulty at the time was that there was no suitable power system. Although the 99-type engine achieves 1200 horsepower output, it adopts a vertical configuration. Although it has the advantages of easy heat dissipation, it is more suitable for larger tonnage heavy main battle tanks, which exceeds the needs of Pakistan.
[VT4 tested in Pakistan]
For this reason, China and Brazil have repeatedly sought suitable power packs in the international market. At first, Pakistan took a fancy to German products, but the export license was rejected by the German National Security Council. Both the UK and France agreed to provide power packs, but the asking price scared off the Pakistani Army with limited financial resources. After several twists and turns, the two parties chose the 6TD2 produced in Ukraine. The 6TD2 uses a two-stroke diesel engine with a power of 1200 horsepower, compact structure and excellent performance. Although the Ukrainian side learned the Pakistani purchase intention, it raised the price significantly, but because China did not make huge profits in the pricing of the whole vehicle, the pricing of the whole vehicle was controlled within the acceptable range of the Pakistani side. In this way, an excellent third-generation main battle tank was born. During the official export, the name of 90-2 was changed to MBT-2000, and Pakistan gave it the name of "Khalid".
At the same time as the implementation of the 90-2 export project, Russia began to export T90S tanks on a large scale, and the largest user was India. Comprehensive comparison of 90-2 and T90S, the former has exceeded the indicators in various aspects, including unit power, fire control system performance, armor protection, information level, artillery life and accuracy, and the power of ammunition, etc., all have advantages. . Therefore, after receiving the 90-2 tank, the Pakistan Army couldn't help but not only actively train and use it, but also showed it to the outside world in high profile. For a time, it became an explosive model on the international market.
But one can notice the fact that although 90-2 is known as the most cost-effective main battle tank in the world, its follow-up orders are few, and only Myanmar and Morocco buy in small quantities. Of course, there are complex factors of international political and military diplomacy, but one reason that cannot be ignored is that Ukraine has lost the ability to provide qualified 6TD2. Due to political instability in Ukraine, economic collapse, and civil war, the city of Kharkiv, one of the three largest Soviet tank bases, was unable to produce normally for a long time. The huge tank engine factory not only lost young technicians, but even the basic water and electricity supply could not be guaranteed. It could only rely on the old technicians to barely maintain small-scale production, and the engine quality deteriorated. Both China and Pakistan can no longer cooperate with it for a long time.
Although the Pakistan Army is quite satisfied with 90-2, it still has a major shortcoming. The 6TD-2 is equipped with a mechanical gearbox, and the driver still has to rely on two gear levers to control the left and right tracks, respectively. Strictly speaking, this does not meet the standards of advanced tanks. Although Pakistan does not have a strong military industry, it is a popular customer in the international military trade market and has seen all the advanced tanks in the West. These advanced tanks all adopt a liquid-separation mechanical integrated transmission system. For the driver, it is steering wheel steering and automatic transmission. This is what Pakistan really wants. Therefore, the Harid tank has a slight taste for the Pakistani tank soldiers. And 6TD-2 uses a two-stroke engine, fuel consumption is higher than the four-stroke engine. As a result, the reserve journey of 90-2 is only 430 kilometers, which is more than 100 kilometers shorter than the T90S. In actual combat, this means one less chance of tactical action.
China's tank industry is also eager to meet the requirements of old friends, but automatic transmissions and engines are the jewels of the industrial crown. To take it off, it must take long and arduous efforts. Soon after the 90-2 tank was finalized, a machine from Inner Mongolia challenged the automatic gearbox technology, which was 90-3, which achieved staged results and accumulated experience for subsequent work. Soon after the signing of the 90-2 tank mass production contract, the formal development of the 99A main battle tank equipped in China was successfully completed, and the technology of 1500 horsepower high-power tank engine and automatic transmission was thoroughly mastered. One machine moved quickly and developed a brand new power pack based on the 99A power system. First reduce the engine power to 1200 horsepower to extend the service life and reduce the need to replace the new engine, which is more suitable for users with limited financial resources such as Pakistan; then the engine is changed from vertical to horizontal, so that it can be shorter, Lighter car body; of course, it is equipped with an automatic transmission. With the advanced power system, a plane has completely redesigned the 90-2, especially optimized the body structure and armor protection, replaced with a new high-performance information-based fire control system and digital battlefield equipment, and added It is equipped with the air conditioner most popular with tropical tank soldiers. This is VT4.
[Pakistan inspects Ukrainian "fortress" tanks]
The first prototype of VT4 was successfully developed around 2012. The Pakistani military has always maintained a high degree of concern for this model, and senior military officers have come to test drive and test fire many times. However, due to severe domestic economic difficulties, the Pakistani tank soldiers have not been able to apply for funds to purchase VT4. Seeing the time pass by day by day, in order not to let the new-generation tank plan soak. The Pakistan Army has adopted a "curve to save the country" strategy. Apply for a small amount of funds every year to carry out extensive model inspections worldwide. During this period, it was once reported that Pakistan intends to purchase Turkish "Altai" tanks and Ukrainian "fortress" tanks. But anyone familiar with Sino-Pakistani tank cooperation knows that VT4 is the only one in the mind of the Pakistani Army. As early as 2017, VT4 went to Pakistan to conduct a comparative test with the "Fortress" tank. As a result, VT4 won with a big score. In 2019, there was news in the media that Pakistan officially decided to purchase VT4 in bulk.
[Thailand Army VT4 cluster]
During this waiting period, the international tank market is not static. VT4 has attracted widespread attention from the Third World Army, and Thailand has become the first user of VT4. The comfortable driving experience, precise and powerful artillery, and strong air conditioning in the cold wind have made the Thai Army overjoyed and have also achieved a new legend made in China.
However, judging from the actual car at the delivery ceremony, the VT4 obtained by Pakistan is different from the Thai Army model. The frontal protection of the Brazilian VT4 has been further strengthened. This is most likely to respond to the reality of India ’s improved tank equipment and anti-tank equipment.
According to foreign media reports, the number of VT4 purchased by Pakistan in this round is 100. Although it is far less than the number of Indian T90S, it has opened up the generation gap in performance and formed a significant quality advantage.
This puts the Indian tank force in a very awkward position. No matter whether the self-developed "Arjun 2" or the T90SM that Russia can provide, it is far from the opponent of VT4. To the extent that it can be served in service, performance has not been verified. This situation will allow the two sides to live together peacefully for a longer period of time, so that farmers in Punjab and Punjab can work with peace of mind and provide endless food for the people of both countries.
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Sina God Review 20200428
Keywords: Pakistan India
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