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Three Principles to Rule China!

cunnosieur

Alfrescian
Loyal
孙中山三民主义

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要点如下:

民族主义
孙中山主张民族主义就是国族主义。孙中山主张四万万中国人可以说完全是汉人,却没有民族的精神。并引据历史强调汉族曾经被异民族灭国两次,且被满族创建的清朝以文字狱,世界主义等消灭了民族精神与地位,所以修身、齐家、治国,中国人近几百年以来都做不到,对於本国便不能自治,外国人看见中国人不能治国,便要来共管,使革命后的中国成为比半殖民地更低一等的次殖民地民族,并且还有再次灭国亡种的危险。故提倡使用汉族道德,去恢复汉族能力,然后结成家族,联成宗族,才能治理中国,才能恢复汉族精神与地位,济弱扶倾,用固有的道德和平做基础,去统一世界,成一个大同之治。

民权主义
孙中山先生主张用人民来做皇帝,并引用汉朝末年三国演义中的阿斗与诸葛亮来形容人民与政府的关系,企图实行为一般平民所共有国家主权的民主政治,而防止欧美活动制度之流弊。孙中山并在三民主义之民族主义第六讲中,所提倡八德中强调「忠民」之美德,为民国强盛之基础。在此思想前提之下,孙中山主张人民必定要有直接行使之选举、罢免、创制、复决四权(政权)以支配政府,政府则有立法、司法、行政、考试、监察五权(治权)以管理国家。其核心观念强调直接民权与五权宪法之权能区分,亦即政府拥有治权服务人民,人民则拥有政权支配政府。

民生主义
孙文给民生主义下的定义是:民生就是人民的生活、社会的生存、国民的生计、群众的生命。但是民生主义並非就是社会主义,畢竟其內容有其更改,應是大同主义。演讲从实业革命以后生产力增长带来的众多社会问题谈起,进而阐述西欧社会主义的各种思潮、流派。并把国民党的民生主义政策确定为一是平均地权,二是节制资本。还要发展国家资本,振兴实业,第一是交通事业,第二是矿业,第三是工业。要用国家的力量振兴工业。接着,孙中山谈到吃饭问题,并强调这是民生主义的第一个问题。他认为中国人不够饭吃最大的原因是农业不进步,其次是受外国经济的压迫。在目前来说,应该赶快用政府和法律的力量解放农民,否则民生问题就没法解决。民生主义的目的在于以养民为目标,中国的粮食才能很充足。关于穿衣问题,孙中山认为人类生活的程度可分为需要、安适和奢侈三级。目前解决民生问题,是要解决需要问题,使四万万人都丰衣足食。
 

cunnosieur

Alfrescian
Loyal
Three Principles of the People,
The fundament of our party.
Using this, we establish the Republic;
Using this, we advance into a state of total peace.
Oh, you, warriors,
For the people, be the vanguard.
Without resting day or night,
Follow the Principles.
Swear to be diligent; swear to be courageous.
Obliged to be trustworthy; obliged to be loyal.
With one heart and one virtue,
We carry through until the very end.
 

cunnosieur

Alfrescian
Loyal
The Principle of Mínzú
(Min²-tsu², 民族主義 "The People's Relation/Connection" or "Government of the People"): Nationalism. By this, Sun meant freedom from imperialist domination. To achieve this he believed that China must develop a "civic-nationalism", Zhonghua Minzu, as opposed to an "ethnic-nationalism", so as to unite all of the different ethnicities of China, mainly composed by the five major groups of Han, Mongols, Tibetans, Manchus, and the Muslims, which together are symbolized by the Five Color Flag of the First Republic (1911-1928). This sense of nationalism is different from the idea of "ethnocentrism," which equates to the same meaning of nationalism in Chinese language.


The Principle of Mínquán
(Min²-ch'üan², 民權主義 "The People's Power" or "Government by the People"): Democracy. To Sun, it represented a Western constitutional government. First, he divided political life of his ideal for China into two sets of 'powers':


The power of politics
(政權; zhèngquán): These are the powers of the people to express their political wishes, similar to those vested in the citizenry or the parliaments in other countries, and is represented by the National Assembly. There are four of these powers: election (選舉), recall (罷免), initiative (創制), and referendum (複決). These may be equated to "civil rights".


The power of governance
(治權; zhìquán): these are the powers of administration. Here he expanded the European-American constitutional theory of a three-branch government and a system of checks and balances by incorporating traditional Chinese administrative tradition to create a government of five branches (each of which is called a yuàn or 'court'). The Legislative Yuan, the Executive Yuan, and the Judicial Yuan came from Montesquieuan thought; the Control Yuan and the Examination Yuan came from Chinese tradition. (Note that the Legislative Yuan was first intended as a branch of governance, not strictly equivalent to a national parliament.)


The Principle of Mínshēng
(民生主義; mínshēng): This is sometimes translated as "The People's Welfare/Livelihood," "Government for the People," or even socialism, although the government of Chiang Kai-shek shied away from translating it as such. The concept may be understood as social welfare or as populist ("for the people", "to pleasure the people") governmental measures. Sun understood it as an industrial economy and equality of land holdings for the Chinese peasant farmers. Here he was influenced by the American thinker Henry George (see Georgism); the land value tax in Taiwan is a legacy thereof. He divided livelihood into four areas: food, clothing, housing, and transportation; and planned out how an ideal (Chinese) government can take care of these for its people.
 
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