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我海军司令参观俄“奥斯卡”核潜艇 可携带24枚P-700
我海军司令参观俄“奥斯卡”核潜艇 可携带24枚P-700
Our naval commander visited the Russian "Oscar" nuclear submarine to carry 24 P-700
Sina Military at 11:10 on August 4, 2018
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Last weekend, the Russian military held a grand warship in St. Petersburg to celebrate the Russian Navy Festival. The ship-going style brought together the forces of the Russian navy's major fleets, including the heavyweight role of the Northern Fleet's "Oscar" II-class cruise missile nuclear submarine "Olyl" and thousands of miles trekking.
It is worth noting that this court-ready stand also appeared from China, invited to attend the military parade - the Chinese naval commander, according to information released by the media, the Chinese naval commander went to the Russian Northern Fleet after visiting the warship The base visited and the ships that were visited included the "Oscar" Class II nuclear submarine.
The 949A "Oscar" II level is very familiar to everyone, but the "Orel" who participated in the military parade is a bit special. It is the first improved 949A "Oscar" II (NATO code: Oscar II) anti-ship missile submarine. Its appearance symbolizes that the largest anti-aircraft carrier killed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War will be reborn. So what is the power of "Oscar" II, what is the difference after the improvement? Today, let's talk about it.
The Soviet Navy during the Cold War, in addition to the strategic nuclear submarine force that carried out the "second nuclear counterattack", the most important task was to defend the mainland and prevent the invasion of the US aircraft carrier strike group. Its anti-aircraft carrier strength is mainly composed of surface ships, air missile carriers and underwater submarines. Among them, submarine forces are the most survivable and the most threatening.
Although the missile carrier based on Figure-22M has a strong penetration capability when flying at a high altitude of Mach 2, the detected distance at this time is also quite far. The submarine has the best chance to sneak into the periphery of the aircraft carrier's defensive ring without being noticed. If it is paired with a supersonic anti-ship missile with a range of hundreds of kilometers, it can combine the characteristics of "stealth" (silent performance) and "speed". Achieve the highest surprise effect. The last type of missile submarine developed in accordance with this logic is the "Oscar" II.
The main weapons of the Soviet air, water and submarine anti-aircraft carrier forces are all anti-ship missiles in cruise mode. The main reason for not developing ballistic missiles is that cruise missiles fly in the atmosphere all the way. High-power radar can be installed to search for targets. The most difficult target identification and selection problem for cross-sea attack. The P-700 is no exception, but it does not use the liquid rocket or ramjet engines commonly used in other supersonic missiles, but uses an aircraft-like jet engine.
The reason is that the liquid rocket fuel used for air-launched missiles is toxic and corrosive, and the risk of long-term storage in closed hulls is higher. The ramjet engine is faster than the jet engine, the high-altitude speed can reach more than Mach 3, and the low-altitude also has more than Mach 2 However, the early heat-resistant technology made it difficult for the ramjet to operate for too long, which limited the range. The P-700's jet engine allows it to reach Mach 2.5 at high altitude and Mach 1.5 at low altitude. Although it is heavier than a ramjet, it can use a smaller booster rocket to reduce the weight of the shot due to the higher thrust at low speed.
Because the speed of the P-700 missile is only slightly faster than that of the supersonic fighter, it does not protrude into the air defense network like the traditional missile in a "single-play" manner, and like a plane, it will use complex tactics to make a surprise attack. Its standard launch mode is a wave of 6 bombs, one of which will occupy the high-altitude position as a "navigator" after launch, open the radar to quickly scan the target area, and other missiles maintain the radar silent mode flight at low altitude, only with data links. The radar information transmitted by the "navigator" is assigned to the target attack sequence by program.
The △P-700 missile is equipped with an engine at the rear and is aired from the front with a maximum range of 500 kilometers. The red part of the front body is a 750 kg weight armor piercing warhead.
If the navigator is shot down, the other missiles will pull the bench in order, while the "Oscar" II can launch 24 missiles, that is, a total of four formations can form a saturated attack on the aircraft carrier battle group. In addition, the P-700 missile is also equipped with electronic jammers, and important parts also have armor protection to enhance its ability to resist air defense firepower.
Regarding whether the P-700 can really be attacked by the pilots, it is also skeptical, but the principle of the pilot is not difficult, and it is also a reasonable technical solution. The P-700 is large enough, and the launch weight is the normal takeoff weight of the 歼-7. It is not unreasonable to plug into the computer and data link. The Su-27 and MiG-31 have similar technologies. It is doubtful that there is news that the P-700 is the first satellite remote-controlled missile. It is doubtful whether the Soviet/Russian satellite data link is really there.
△ "Kursk" picked up from the seabed, the ship where the torpedo cabin is located is completely destroyed, but the missile launching tubes on both sides are generally intact, only slightly damaged
But unfortunately, it is a serious accident to make the "Oscar" II submarine famous. In order to increase tactical flexibility, the "Oscar" II is also equipped with another anti-aircraft weapon - 650 mm super large anti-ship torpedo, its 500 kg heavy warhead can hit the keel as soon as it hits the aircraft carrier.
However, in order to reach a range of more than 50 kilometers and have a high speed to catch up with the aircraft carrier, it uses a high energy density, but also has a high risk of hydrogen peroxide as a fuel. In the exercise of the Russian Northern Fleet in 2000, the 650 mm torpedo of the Kursk submarine of this class had a huge explosion for unknown reasons. The entire bow was blown up and the submarine was suddenly sunk into the seabed. All officers and men followed the funeral.
△Russia in the process of launching P-800 missiles from land in Syria. Unlike the P-700, the P-800 also has the ability to attack fixed land targets, plus the "caliber" missile, which makes the upgraded "Oscar" II will become a submarine for attack/anti-ship missiles
After the end of the Cold War, although the P-700 missile was still not tested on a regular basis, its electronic system could not keep up with the times, and the body was large and heavy, and it could not be installed on an export ship, so it could not get foreign funds. Improvement. Therefore, in the upgrade plan called 949AM, "Oscar" II will be replaced with a new version of the launch tube. In addition to launching the P-700 missile, it can also be replaced with a "caliber" missile or a P-800 "onyx" missile.
The P-800 can be said to be the successor of the P-700. The ramjet engine is used to reduce the size of the projectile. Although the range is only half of the P-700, it is not half the weight of the P-700 and can be installed on small and medium-sized ships. Its low altitude is high, it can reach 2 Mach, but the altitude is also 2.5 Mach. The "Brahmos" improved with India will raise the altitude to 3.3 Mach. It is generally believed that the 949AM can be combined with different missiles in a mixed manner, so that in addition to the traditional anti-aircraft mission, the future can also see the versatile "Oscar" II in regional conflicts. (Author's signature: Zhenguan Defense)
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上周末，俄军在圣彼得堡举行盛大阅舰式庆祝俄罗斯海军节。此次阅舰式汇集了俄海军各大舰队的兵力，其中包括北方舰队的“奥斯卡”II级巡航导弹核潜艇“奥廖尔”号等数千里跋涉而来的重量级角色。
值得注意的是，本次阅舰式的看台上还出现了来自中国，应邀出席阅兵的贵宾——中国海军司令，据媒体发布的信息，中国海军司令在参观完阅舰式后前往俄北方舰队基地参观，参观的舰艇中包括了 “奥斯卡”II级核潜艇。
949A型“奥斯卡”II级大家很熟悉，但参加阅兵的“奥廖尔”号却有点特别，是第一艘完成改良的949A型 “奥斯卡”II（北约代号：奥斯卡二型）反舰导弹潜艇，它的露面象征着苏联在冷战时期建造的反航母最大杀器将要浴火重生。那么“奥斯卡”II有何威猛之处，改良后有何不同？今天，我们就来说说这事。
冷战期间的苏联海军，除了执行“第二次核反击”的战略核潜部队外，最重要的任务就是保卫本土，阻止美国航母打击群的入侵。其反航母兵力主要由水面舰艇、空中导弹载机与水下潜艇三种所组成，其中以潜艇兵力是生存性最大，威胁最大的一种。
以图-22M为主的导弹载机虽然以高空2马赫飞行也有很强的突防能力，但此时的被探测距离也相当远。而潜艇最有机会在不被察觉的情况下潜入航母防御圈外围，若再搭配射程数百公里的超音速反舰导弹，就能结合“隐身”（静音性能）与“速度”两种特性，达到最高的奇袭效果。按照这种逻辑发展的最后一种导弹潜艇就是 的 “奥斯卡”II。
苏联的空、水、潜三种反航母兵力的主要武器都是巡航模式的反舰导弹，没有发展弹道导弹的主因是巡航导弹全程在大气层内飞行，装上大功率雷达可自行搜索目标，解决跨海平面攻击最难的目标辨识与选择问题。P-700也不例外，不过它并没有采用其它超音速导弹常用的液态火箭发动机或冲压发动机，而采用了类似飞机的喷气发动机。
原因是空射导弹用的液态火箭燃料具有毒性与腐蚀性，长期储存于封闭舰体中的风险较高；而冲压发动机虽比喷气发动机快，高空速度可达到3马赫以上，低空也有2马赫以上，但早期的耐热技术难以让冲压发动机运作太久，也就限制了射程。P-700的喷气发动机使其可在高空达到2.5马赫，低空也可达1.5马赫，虽然重量比冲压发动机大，但由于低速推力较大，可使用较小的助推火箭来降低备射重量。
由于P-700导弹的速度仅比超音速战机略快一些，因此它并不像传统导弹用“单打独斗”方式突穿防空网，而像飞机一样会采用复杂的战术进行突击。其标准发射模式是一波6弹，其中一颗在发射后会占据高空位置担任“领航员”，开启雷达对目标区域进行快速扫描，其它导弹则在低空保持雷达静默模式飞行，仅以数据链接“领航员弹”传来的雷达信息，并以程序分配目标攻击顺序。
△P-700导弹尾部装有发动机，从前方进气，最大射程可达500千米。前弹身的红色部位是750千克重的穿甲弹头
如果领航员弹被击落，其它导弹会依顺序拉高替补，而 “奥斯卡”II可发射24枚导弹，也就是共有4组编队可对航母战斗群形成饱和攻击。除此之外，P-700导弹也装有电子干扰器，重要部位也有装甲保护，提升其对抗防空火力的能力。
关于P-700是否真能由领航员弹“组团攻击”外界有的也持怀疑态度，但领航员弹的原理其实并不难，也是合理技术解决方案。P-700弹体够大，发射重量毕竟歼-7的正常起飞重量，塞入计算机和数据链并非不合理，苏-27和米格-31这些飞机也有类似技术。值得怀疑的是有消息说P-700是第一种卫星遥控导弹，可苏/俄是否真有卫星数据链是值得怀疑的。
△从海底捞起的“库尔斯克”号，鱼雷舱所在的舰艏全毁，但两侧的导弹发射管则大致完好，仅有些微受损
但不幸的是，让 “奥斯卡”II潜艇声名大噪的是一场严重意外。为了增加战术弹性， “奥斯卡”II还配备了另一种反航母武器——650毫米超大型反舰鱼雷，其500千克重弹头只要命中龙骨，一发就能击沉航母。
但为了达到50千米以上的射程并具有追上航母的高速，它采用了高能量密度，但也具高危险性的过氧化氢作为燃料。在2000年俄罗斯北方舰队的演习中，该级艇的“库尔斯克”号潜艇的650毫米鱼雷因不明原因发生巨大爆炸，整个船头炸飞，潜艇也瞬间沉入海底，全体官兵跟着陪葬。
△俄在叙利亚从陆上发射P-800导弹的过程，与P-700不同的是，P-800也具有攻击固定陆上目标的能力，加上“口径”导弹，这使得升级的“奥斯卡”II将成为攻陆/反舰两用导弹潜艇
在冷战结束后，虽然P-700导弹仍不定期进行试射，但其电子系统已跟不上时代，且弹体又大又重，无法安装在外销舰艇上，也就无法得到外国资金来进行改良。因此，称为949AM的升级计划中， “奥斯卡”II将换装新版发射管，除了发射P-700导弹外，也可以换装“口径”导弹或P-800“缟玛瑙”导弹。
P-800可说是P-700的后继者，藉由冲压发动机缩小弹体，虽然射程仅有P-700的一半，但重量也不到P-700的一半，能够安装在中小型舰艇上；其低空速度较高，可达到2马赫，但高空速度也是2.5马赫，与印度合作改良的“布拉莫斯”则将高空速度提升到3.3马赫。一般相信，949AM型能以混装方式搭配不同导弹，这样除了传统反航母任务外，未来也能在区域冲突中见到成为多面手的“奥斯卡”II的身影。（作者署名：贞观防务）
