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https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-11-13/doc-ihnstwwr3774728.shtml
中国彩虹7航程上万公里 走北极航线单程可攻击华盛顿
2018年11月13日 09:24 观察者网
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本届航展上，航天科技集团11院彩虹公司继续成为亮点。他们的产品我觉得要分两部分来说，一方面是现有产品及基于现有产品基础上的进一步开发，拓展用途；另一部分是全新的前瞻性的技术开发。
我们看到，这次11院带来的彩虹-4、彩虹-5无人机实机都在机腹下安装了对海搜索雷达装置，凭借这两种无人机较强的续航时间性能，可以实现长时间，大范围的对海面情况监控。此外，在该公司展台上，我们看到他们还推出了基于该公司先进的无人机系统研发经验，而开发的包括多种水下无人潜航器的综合水下探测、监视系统概念。
美国目前在MQ-9的开发中，也已经推出了针对海上侦察监控任务的改进型，包括在MQ-9上携带声呐浮标投射装置，用于实施反潜监控任务，而11院在这方面的想法似乎更进一步，将无人机和水下航行器、水下声呐哨站网络系统，全面整合在一起，成为一个覆盖水面、水下的综合监控系统。
对于我国来说，反潜作战目前还是一个短板，尽管从去年以来海军已经开始大量接收新一代海上巡逻机“高新6号”，但这种基于运-9特种平台型研制的海上巡逻机，其实际效能可能还不如美国的P-8A，虽然两者的机载设备性能相似，但毕竟后者用波音737改装，飞行性能、舒适性等方面就有不少优势。
而且P-8A现在就已经有了与海军型“全球鹰”（特里东）和MQ-9海巡型联合作战的能力，优势就更大了。
因此，彩虹公司在无人系统执行海上侦察监视任务方面的努力，某种程度上也反映了我国未来反潜和海上信息作战的一个重要发展方向。国内与他们一样正积极开展这方面研究的企业也不止一家。
而关于前瞻性项目方面，本届航展上彩虹公司室内展台上1：1尺寸的“彩虹7号”工程样机显然最具代表性。
关于该机的外形，由于其机翼前缘带折线的样子看起来有一定误导性，大家会认为其俯视图类似于美国X-47B。尤其是在彩虹公司相关人员接受采访时透露，该机动力系统为两台总推力10吨的发动机的时候，似乎更明确了该机具备上舰的考虑，因此大家就更是认为该机的俯视轮廓可能会接近于X-47B的样子。
大家都以为彩虹7B的外形更接近X-47B
2016年航展上“彩虹X”模型就可以看出该机和X-47其实差别很大
但实际上，如果我们综合彩虹公司官方的3D渲染图，以及上届航展上比例较小的“彩虹X”模型看，就会发现，其实“彩虹7号”与其说更接近X-47B，不如说更类似诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司的RQ-180无人机。
目前彩虹公司公布的“彩虹7号”的数据为：
长10米，翼展22米，最大起飞重量13吨，巡航速度0.5-0.6马赫，最大飞行速度0.75马赫，巡航高度10000-13000米
而据观察者网采访彩虹公司技术负责人，他告诉我们该机的发动机是两台总推力10吨的涡轮风扇发动机，而该机的载弹量则是2吨，腹部设有两个大型弹舱，可以容纳现役多种空地弹药，包括反辐射导弹和空舰导弹。留空时间设计为15小时——按照0.5马赫巡航速度计算，航程9180公里。
彩虹7的3D渲染图（彩虹公司供图）
这张更明显可以看出，CH-7是一种展弦比较大的飞机
彩虹公司此前推出的彩虹-805靶机某种意义上可以视为彩虹-7的缩比概念验证机，当然其具体设计还是有很多区别
笔者得到彩虹公司许可，从后方拍摄的彩虹-7号这一角度独家照片，从中可以看到其起落架舱门尺寸巨大，可能与B-2一样，在起降阶段提供额外的方向稳定性
彩虹7号样机尾喷口照片
同时，据称，彩虹7号的主要任务是在“对称性高技术对抗”环境下，对敌方深远纵深的重要目标实施打击。
据设计师介绍，彩虹7号的正面雷达反射截面积在0.01米²水平，这大概和F-117A的水平差不多，与F-22，歼-20的0.0001米²水平比似乎还是有一些差距。这或许是因为航展上透露的是外销时的限制数据，自用型彩虹7如果要真正执行在“对称性高技术对抗”环境下突入敌方防空圈纵深任务的话，其隐身性能应该会比这个数据更强一些才对。
相比之下呢，关于RQ-180的用途，美国《航空周刊》刊发文章的说法是，该机与SR-72高超声速侦察机、B-21战略轰炸机，以及新一代LRSO巡航导弹作为一个“系统族”设计，RQ-180承担了其中长时间侦察监视的任务。
那么，为了和航程可能上万公里的B-21联合作战，RQ-180的航程，应该至少是不比它短——这也和CH-7的性能数据对标了。
从展弦比角度来看，彩虹-7更接近于RQ-180的布局方式
根据51区这个库房的尺寸，RQ-180的翼展应该是40米左右，远大于彩虹7号，起飞重量应该也远超过了X-47B的20吨
这样看来，彩虹-7号的性能，很可能是和RQ-180对标，只是两者的设计用途上，彩虹-7号更强调打击能力，而RQ-180增更强调侦察监视。当然，能够打击，自然也可以在弹舱里装上软油箱，进一步增加留空时间，或者安装更多侦察设备。
据设计师表示，CH-7无人机将会在机翼前缘安装雷达，同时机腹可以安装光电侦察装置。由于该机的留空时间非常长，单纯担任打击任务的话，可能有点浪费了航程——除非是用它当“巡航导弹”用，去袭击美国本土的目标。
不过目前让站长感到比较困惑的是该机的发动机推力似乎有些过剩。
美国X-47B无人机，最大起飞重量达到了20吨，而推力也不过是一台8吨推力的F110非加力型。
所以，笔者有一些怀疑，要么是彩虹给出的13吨最大起飞重量并非真正“最大”起飞重量，实际起飞重量达到20吨左右，要么其发动机是两台共5吨左右。
但不论哪一个情况，“彩虹7”无人机确实是我国首次开发的此类无人机。在此之前，沈飞设计的“利剑”，比较接近英国“雷神”、法国“神经元”或俄罗斯米格“鳐鱼”，苏霍伊“猎人-B”，都是采用一台中等推力无加力（当然“利剑”还带着加力燃烧室）发动机，最大起飞重量不超过10吨，载弹1-2吨。
彩虹7拥有上万公里的航程，走北极航线足以从我国东北地区起飞，单程攻击华盛顿，如果减少载荷，比如只带300公斤的弹头，甚至可以覆盖美国全境，堪称战略无人机。
相比之下，沈飞研制的“利剑”无人机（图为改用无加力涡扇发动机的模型）航程就短得多了，属于战术无人机
而航天科工的“天鹰”飞翼无人机（和北航基于BZK-005开发的“天鹰”没有关系）也是在本次航展展出，它比“利剑”还要再小一些，可能不考虑载弹的问题了。
此外国内还有很多企业在研制，或者至少声称在研制类似的小型飞翼无人机，但与“彩虹7”相比，都是有点小巫见大巫的感觉。
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-11-13/doc-ihnstwwr3707024.shtml
中国自适应变循环发动机完成技术验证 或将用于歼20
2018年11月13日 09:13 新浪军事
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近日有关媒体报道中航集团专程型号总师刘乐泉同志的先进事迹，文中首次提到国产新一代自适应变循环发动机研制进展，国产新一代发动机已经进入“关键技术整机验证阶段”，为歼-20改进和发展新一代战斗机打下了坚实基础。
从文章内容来看，国内新一代自适应变循环发动机已经经过了前期技术预研、部件试制、核心机研制等阶段，进入到验证机试验阶段，应该说这个进度还是非常快的，出乎外界意料。
一样花开为底迟：中国离发动机强国的路还有多远1/22
查看原图图集模式
近日，国内杂志曝光了我国歼-10B战斗机换装推力矢量控制发动机试飞的图片，这也让从去年开始就传的沸沸扬扬的歼-10B战斗机换装推力矢量控制发动机的消息最终尘埃落定。也意味着我国在航空发动机领域的探索和投入终于又有了令人欣喜的成果。不过与世界其他航空工业强国相比，我国在航发领域仍有许多不足，未来我国能否在这些方面有所突破？本期《出鞘》我们就来谈谈我国航空发动机的未来。（查看完整内容搜索微信公众号：sinamilnews）
我们知道战斗机主要依靠空气动力优化来提高性能，不过到了第四代战斗机，战斗机设计者感觉凭借单一手段再次扩展战斗机飞行包线已经非常困难，需要采取多种手段才能继续对战斗机性能进行升级，其中最关键就是发动机性能，对于发动机来说，战斗机许多方面性能自相矛盾，巡航阶段需要发动机省油，以提高航程和作战半径，在空战之中又要求飞机具备较好高空高速性能，但是现在使用的发动机涵道是固定的，不能改变，很难兼顾两者之间的性能，自适应变循环发动机解决了这个问题，它的涵道是可变的，发动机可以在涡扇、涡喷发动机之间进行转换，从而战斗机能够以最佳状态执行任务，有效提高了战斗机作战能力，国内外航空工业特别是航发技术人员都认为下一代发动机应该是自适应变循环发动机就是这个原因。
自适应变循环发动机结构示意图
笔者注意到文章之中提到国产新一代自适应变循环发动机重点攻克了“高负荷、高效率、高稳定压气机”、“高升温、高稳定环形燃烧室”、“高耐温、高效率涡轮气动和冷却”等技术，并且广泛采用了新材料、工艺，解决了核心机部件匹配技术，从一个侧面表明国产新一代自适应变循环发动机已经完成前期技术预研、部件试制和核心机研制，进入发动机技术验证机研制阶段，同时它也表明国产新一代自适应变循环发动机气动设计更加先进、结构也更加简单，推力更大、重量更轻。
美国在上世纪80年代研制的YF120变循环发动机，它的结构就比F119要简单
从国内外航空发动机发展来看，结构简化是一个趋势，F110、FWS-10等三代发动机普遍采用3级风扇加9级高压压气机，AL-31F则是4级风扇加9级高压压气机，到了四代发动机结构就进行了简化，F119涡扇发动机采用了3级风扇加6级高压压气机，至于未来自适应变循环发动机还会进一步简化，一般认为只有2级风扇加5级高压压气机，结构简化，发动机部件减少，但是空气流量、增压比等指标不减反增，结果就是发动机单个部件负荷迅速增加，所以国产新一代自适应变循环发动机将高负荷、高效应技术放在技术攻关的前列，另外发动机燃烧室要求高升温、高稳定，高压涡轮要求采用高效率冷却系统，这些要求蕴含国产新一代自适应变循环发动机具备更高燃烧温度，以提高发动机推力，不过这样意味着高压涡轮需要承受更高的温度，对于高压涡轮材料、工艺、冷却系统提了更高要求。
除了气动设计之外，发动机升级也是下一代战斗机技术进步关键
综上所述，可以推测国产新一代自适应变循环发动机已经完成核心机试制和测试，通过增加风扇、低压涡轮、加力燃烧室等试制成了技术验证机，进行前期技术验证，可以说国产新一代自适应变循环发动机已经正式进入了整机阶段，成果可喜可贺，不过我们也要清楚看到，技术验证机只是万里长征第一步，前面道路充满曲折和艰险，例如发动机需要验证整体设计是否与理论计算相符合，推力曲线是否与预期一致，除了地面试车之外，还要进行高空模拟试车、空中试飞等等一系列测试，即便研制顺利，国产新一代自适应变循环发动机实用时间也不会早于2030年，因此我们既要坚信国产新一代自适应变循环发动机一定会鹰击长空，更要脚踏实地，一步一个脚印，刻苦攻关，坚实认真，才能取得胜利。（作者署名：小飞猪观察）
Https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-11-13/doc-ihnstwwr3774728.shtml
China's Rainbow 7 voyage tens of thousands of kilometers.
November 13, 2018 09:24 Observer Network
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At this year's air show, Aerospace Science and Technology Group 11 Hospital Rainbow Company continued to be a bright spot. I think that their products need to be divided into two parts, on the one hand, the existing products and further development based on existing products, and expand the use; the other part is the new forward-looking technology development.
We have seen that the rainbow-4 and rainbow-5 drones brought by the 11th hospital have installed the search radar device on the sea under the belly. With the strong endurance performance of these two drones, It can realize long-term, wide-scale monitoring of sea surface conditions. In addition, at the company's booth, we saw that they also developed a comprehensive underwater detection and monitoring system concept based on the company's advanced UAV system development experience, including a variety of underwater unmanned submersibles.
In the development of MQ-9, the United States has also introduced an improved version for maritime reconnaissance monitoring tasks, including carrying a sonar buoy projection device on the MQ-9 for implementing anti-submarine monitoring tasks, and 11 hospitals in this regard. It seems to go a step further and integrate the drone and underwater vehicle and underwater sonar station network system into a comprehensive monitoring system covering the surface and underwater.
For China, anti-submarine warfare is still a short-board, although since the last year the Navy has begun to receive a large number of new-generation maritime patrol aircraft "Gaoxin No.6", this kind of maritime patrol aircraft based on the Yun-9 special platform type The actual performance may not be as good as the US P-8A. Although the performance of the airborne equipment is similar, the latter is modified with Boeing 737, which has many advantages in terms of flight performance and comfort.
Moreover, the P-8A now has the ability to jointly fight with the naval "Global Hawk" (Terry East) and MQ-9 sea patrol type, and the advantage is even greater.
Therefore, Rainbow's efforts in the implementation of maritime reconnaissance and surveillance missions by unmanned systems also reflect an important development direction of China's future anti-submarine and maritime information operations. There are more than one company in China that is actively engaged in research in this area.
As for the forward-looking projects, the “Rainbow 7” engineering prototype on the indoor booth of Rainbow Company at this year's air show is obviously the most representative.
Regarding the shape of the aircraft, since the front edge of the wing has a misalignment, it looks like a top view similar to the US X-47B. Especially when interviewed by relevant personnel of Rainbow Company, it was revealed that when the power system of the aircraft was two engines with a total thrust of 10 tons, it seemed clear that the aircraft had the consideration of getting on the ship, so everyone thought that the plane was overlooked. The outline may be close to what the X-47B looks like.
Everyone thinks that the shape of Rainbow 7B is closer to X-47B.
The "Rainbow X" model at the 2016 Air Show shows that the aircraft and the X-47 are actually very different.
But in fact, if we look at Rainbow's official 3D renderings and the smaller "Rainbow X" model at the last air show, we will find that "Rainbow 7" is closer to X-47B than it is. It is better to say that it is more similar to Northrop Grumman's RQ-180 drone.
At present, the data of Rainbow No. 7 released by Rainbow Company is:
10 meters long, wingspan 22 meters, maximum takeoff weight 13 tons, cruising speed 0.5-0.6 Mach, maximum flight speed 0.75 Mach, cruising altitude 10000-13000 meters
According to Observer's interview with the technical person in charge of Rainbow Company, he told us that the engine of the aircraft is two turbofan engines with a total thrust of 10 tons, and the bomb load of the aircraft is 2 tons, and there are two large bombs on the abdomen. The cabin can accommodate a variety of air-ground ammunition in active service, including anti-radiation missiles and air-to-ship missiles. The clearance time is designed to be 15 hours - calculated at a speed of 0.5 Mach cruising, with a range of 9180 km.
3D rendering of Rainbow 7 (Photo courtesy of Rainbow)
This is more obvious. The CH-7 is a relatively large aircraft.
Rainbow's previously launched Rainbow-805 target can be regarded as a rainbow-7 scale proofing machine in a certain sense. Of course, its specific design still has many differences.
The author got the permission of Rainbow Company to take an exclusive photo of Rainbow-7 from the rear. It can be seen that the size of the landing gear door is huge, which may be the same as the B-2, providing additional directional stability during the takeoff and landing phase.
Rainbow 7 prototype tail nozzle photo
At the same time, it is said that the main task of Rainbow 7 is to strike an important target of the enemy's far-reaching depth in the context of "symmetric high-tech confrontation".
According to the designer, the frontal radar reflection cross-sectional area of Rainbow 7 is at 0.01 m2, which is about the same as the F-117A level. There seems to be some gap with the F-22 and 歼-20's 0.0001 m2 level. This may be because the air show reveals the limit data when it is exported. If the self-use Rainbow 7 is to perform the deep task of the enemy air defense circle in the "symmetric high-tech confrontation" environment, its stealth performance should be better than this. The data is stronger and more correct.
In contrast, regarding the use of the RQ-180, the US Aviation Weekly published an article saying that the aircraft and the SR-72 hypersonic reconnaissance aircraft, the B-21 strategic bomber, and the new generation LRSO cruise missile as a "System family" design, RQ-180 undertakes the task of long-term reconnaissance surveillance.
Then, in order to cooperate with the B-21, which may be tens of thousands of kilometers in voyage, the RQ-180's voyage should be at least not shorter than this - this is also benchmarked against the performance data of the CH-7.
From the perspective of aspect ratio, Rainbow-7 is closer to the layout of RQ-180.
According to the size of the warehouse in Area 51, the wingspan of RQ-180 should be about 40 meters, much larger than Rainbow No. 7, and the take-off weight should be far more than the 20 tons of X-47B.
In this way, the performance of Rainbow-7 is likely to be benchmarked with RQ-180, but the design of the two is used. Rainbow-7 emphasizes the ability to strike, while RQ-180 emphasizes reconnaissance surveillance. Of course, if you can strike, you can naturally install a soft fuel tank in the bomb bay to further increase the time left, or install more reconnaissance equipment.
According to the designer, the CH-7 drone will be equipped with a radar at the leading edge of the wing, and a photoelectric reconnaissance device can be installed on the belly. Because the aircraft's short-term time is very long, simply acting as a strike mission, it may be a waste of the voyage - unless it is used as a "cruise missile" to attack the United States.
However, the current confusion of the stationmaster is that the engine's engine thrust seems to be excessive.
The US X-47B drone has a maximum takeoff weight of 20 tons, and the thrust is nothing more than an 8 ton thrust F110 non-energized type.
Therefore, the author has some doubts, or the maximum takeoff weight of 13 tons given by the rainbow is not the true "maximum" takeoff weight, the actual takeoff weight is about 20 tons, or the engine is two sets of about 5 tons.
But in either case, the "Rainbow 7" drone is indeed the first such drone developed in China. Prior to this, Shen Fei’s “sword” was closer to the British “Raytheon”, the French “neuron” or the Russian MiG “Squid”, and the Sukhoi “Hunter-B”, all using a medium thrust. No effort (of course, "Lee" also carries afterburner) engine, the maximum takeoff weight is less than 10 tons, and the bomb is 1-2 tons.
Rainbow 7 has a voyage of tens of thousands of kilometers. The Arctic route is enough to take off from northeastern China. It can attack Washington in one way. If the load is reduced, such as a warhead with only 300 kilograms, it can even cover the whole of the United States. It is a strategic drone.
In contrast, the "Sword" UAV developed by Shen Fei (pictured to use the model of the non-energized turbofan engine) has a much shorter range and is a tactical drone.
The Aerospace Science and Technology's "Eagle" flying-wing UAV (which has nothing to do with Beihang's "Tianying" based on BZK-005) is also exhibited at this air show. It is even smaller than the "Sword". May not consider the problem of bombs.
In addition, there are still many companies in China that are developing, or at least claiming to develop similar small-wing flying drones, but compared with the "Rainbow 7", they are a bit small and sorrowful.
Https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-11-13/doc-ihnstwwr3707024.shtml
China's adaptive variable cycle engine completes technical verification or will be used for 歼20
November 13, 2018 09:13 Sina Military
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Recently, the media reported on the advanced deeds of Comrade Liu Lequan, the chief model officer of AVIC Group. For the first time, the paper mentioned the development of a new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine. The new generation of domestically produced engines has entered the “critical technology machine verification stage”, which is 歼-20. Improving and developing a new generation of fighters has laid a solid foundation.
From the content of the article, the new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine in China has passed the stage of pre-technical pre-research, component trial production, core machine development, etc., and entered the test phase of the verification machine. It should be said that this progress is still very fast, out of the outside world. Expected.
The same flower is the end of the day: How far is China's road from the engine country?
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Recently, domestic magazines have exposed pictures of China's J-10B fighters' thrust vector control engine test flight, which also caused the news that the 歼-10B fighter jets to be loaded with thrust vector control engines from the beginning of last year was finally settled. It also means that China's exploration and investment in the field of aero-engines has finally had gratifying results. However, compared with other powerful aviation industry countries in the world, China still has many shortcomings in the field of aviation and aviation. Can China make breakthroughs in these areas in the future? In this issue of "Sheathing", let's talk about the future of China's aero engine. (View full content search WeChat public number: sinamilnews)
We know that fighters rely mainly on aerodynamic optimization to improve performance. However, in the fourth generation of fighters, fighter designers feel that it is very difficult to expand the flight envelope of the fighters by a single means, and various measures are needed to continue to upgrade the performance of the fighters. The most important factor is the engine performance. For the engine, the performance of many aspects of the fighter is contradictory. The cruise phase requires the engine to save fuel to improve the range and combat radius. In the air combat, the aircraft is required to have better high-altitude and high-speed performance, but now it is used. The engine duct is fixed and cannot be changed. It is difficult to balance the performance between the two. The adaptive variable cycle engine solves this problem. Its ducting is variable, and the engine can be between the turbofan and the turbojet engine. The conversion, so that the fighter can perform the task in the best state, effectively improve the combat capability of the fighter. The domestic and international aviation industry, especially the aviation technicians, believe that the next generation engine should be an adaptive variable cycle engine.
Schematic diagram of adaptive variable cycle engine structure
The author noticed that the article mentioned that the new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has overcome the "high load, high efficiency, high stability compressor", "high temperature rise, high stability annular combustion chamber", "high temperature resistance, high efficiency". Turbine pneumatics and cooling technology, and widely used new materials and processes, solved the core machine component matching technology, from one side shows that the domestic new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has completed the pre-technical pre-research, component trial and core machine development. Into the engine technology verification machine development stage, it also shows that the domestic new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine aerodynamic design is more advanced, the structure is also simpler, the thrust is larger, the weight is lighter.
The YF120 variable cycle engine developed by the United States in the 1980s is simpler than the F119.
From the perspective of aero-engine development at home and abroad, structural simplification is a trend. Three-generation engines such as F110 and FWS-10 generally use a 3-stage fan and a 9-stage high-pressure compressor, while the AL-31F is a 4-stage fan plus a 9-stage high-pressure compressor. The four-generation engine structure has been simplified. The F119 turbofan engine uses a 3-stage fan and a 6-stage high-pressure compressor. As for the future adaptive variable-cycle engine, it will be further simplified. It is generally considered that only the 2-stage fan and the 5-stage high-pressure compressor are considered. The structure is simplified, the engine components are reduced, but the air flow, the boost ratio and other indicators are not reduced, and the result is that the load of the individual components of the engine increases rapidly. Therefore, the domestically-made new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine puts high-load and high-effect technology on the technology. At the forefront of the research, the engine combustion chamber requires high temperature rise and high stability, and the high pressure turbine requires high efficiency cooling system. These requirements contain a new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine with higher combustion temperature to improve engine thrust, but this means High pressure turbines need to withstand higher temperatures for high pressure turbine materials, processes, cooling The system puts higher demands.
In addition to aerodynamic design, engine upgrade is also the key to the next generation of fighter technology advancement
In summary, it can be inferred that the new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has completed the core machine trial production and testing, and has completed the technical verification machine by adding fans, low pressure turbines, afterburner, etc. The new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has officially entered the whole stage, and the results are gratifying, but we must also clearly see that the technical verification machine is only the first step of the long march. The road ahead is full of twists and turns, such as the engine needs to be verified. Whether the overall design is consistent with the theoretical calculation, whether the thrust curve is consistent with expectations, in addition to the ground interview vehicle, but also a series of tests such as high-altitude simulation test, aerial test flight, etc., even if the development is smooth, the domestic new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine is practical. Time will not be earlier than 2030, so we must firmly believe in the new generation of adaptive variable cycle
中国彩虹7航程上万公里 走北极航线单程可攻击华盛顿
2018年11月13日 09:24 观察者网
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本届航展上，航天科技集团11院彩虹公司继续成为亮点。他们的产品我觉得要分两部分来说，一方面是现有产品及基于现有产品基础上的进一步开发，拓展用途；另一部分是全新的前瞻性的技术开发。
我们看到，这次11院带来的彩虹-4、彩虹-5无人机实机都在机腹下安装了对海搜索雷达装置，凭借这两种无人机较强的续航时间性能，可以实现长时间，大范围的对海面情况监控。此外，在该公司展台上，我们看到他们还推出了基于该公司先进的无人机系统研发经验，而开发的包括多种水下无人潜航器的综合水下探测、监视系统概念。
美国目前在MQ-9的开发中，也已经推出了针对海上侦察监控任务的改进型，包括在MQ-9上携带声呐浮标投射装置，用于实施反潜监控任务，而11院在这方面的想法似乎更进一步，将无人机和水下航行器、水下声呐哨站网络系统，全面整合在一起，成为一个覆盖水面、水下的综合监控系统。
对于我国来说，反潜作战目前还是一个短板，尽管从去年以来海军已经开始大量接收新一代海上巡逻机“高新6号”，但这种基于运-9特种平台型研制的海上巡逻机，其实际效能可能还不如美国的P-8A，虽然两者的机载设备性能相似，但毕竟后者用波音737改装，飞行性能、舒适性等方面就有不少优势。
而且P-8A现在就已经有了与海军型“全球鹰”（特里东）和MQ-9海巡型联合作战的能力，优势就更大了。
因此，彩虹公司在无人系统执行海上侦察监视任务方面的努力，某种程度上也反映了我国未来反潜和海上信息作战的一个重要发展方向。国内与他们一样正积极开展这方面研究的企业也不止一家。
而关于前瞻性项目方面，本届航展上彩虹公司室内展台上1：1尺寸的“彩虹7号”工程样机显然最具代表性。
关于该机的外形，由于其机翼前缘带折线的样子看起来有一定误导性，大家会认为其俯视图类似于美国X-47B。尤其是在彩虹公司相关人员接受采访时透露，该机动力系统为两台总推力10吨的发动机的时候，似乎更明确了该机具备上舰的考虑，因此大家就更是认为该机的俯视轮廓可能会接近于X-47B的样子。
大家都以为彩虹7B的外形更接近X-47B
2016年航展上“彩虹X”模型就可以看出该机和X-47其实差别很大
但实际上，如果我们综合彩虹公司官方的3D渲染图，以及上届航展上比例较小的“彩虹X”模型看，就会发现，其实“彩虹7号”与其说更接近X-47B，不如说更类似诺斯罗普·格鲁曼公司的RQ-180无人机。
目前彩虹公司公布的“彩虹7号”的数据为：
长10米，翼展22米，最大起飞重量13吨，巡航速度0.5-0.6马赫，最大飞行速度0.75马赫，巡航高度10000-13000米
而据观察者网采访彩虹公司技术负责人，他告诉我们该机的发动机是两台总推力10吨的涡轮风扇发动机，而该机的载弹量则是2吨，腹部设有两个大型弹舱，可以容纳现役多种空地弹药，包括反辐射导弹和空舰导弹。留空时间设计为15小时——按照0.5马赫巡航速度计算，航程9180公里。
彩虹7的3D渲染图（彩虹公司供图）
这张更明显可以看出，CH-7是一种展弦比较大的飞机
彩虹公司此前推出的彩虹-805靶机某种意义上可以视为彩虹-7的缩比概念验证机，当然其具体设计还是有很多区别
笔者得到彩虹公司许可，从后方拍摄的彩虹-7号这一角度独家照片，从中可以看到其起落架舱门尺寸巨大，可能与B-2一样，在起降阶段提供额外的方向稳定性
彩虹7号样机尾喷口照片
同时，据称，彩虹7号的主要任务是在“对称性高技术对抗”环境下，对敌方深远纵深的重要目标实施打击。
据设计师介绍，彩虹7号的正面雷达反射截面积在0.01米²水平，这大概和F-117A的水平差不多，与F-22，歼-20的0.0001米²水平比似乎还是有一些差距。这或许是因为航展上透露的是外销时的限制数据，自用型彩虹7如果要真正执行在“对称性高技术对抗”环境下突入敌方防空圈纵深任务的话，其隐身性能应该会比这个数据更强一些才对。
相比之下呢，关于RQ-180的用途，美国《航空周刊》刊发文章的说法是，该机与SR-72高超声速侦察机、B-21战略轰炸机，以及新一代LRSO巡航导弹作为一个“系统族”设计，RQ-180承担了其中长时间侦察监视的任务。
那么，为了和航程可能上万公里的B-21联合作战，RQ-180的航程，应该至少是不比它短——这也和CH-7的性能数据对标了。
从展弦比角度来看，彩虹-7更接近于RQ-180的布局方式
根据51区这个库房的尺寸，RQ-180的翼展应该是40米左右，远大于彩虹7号，起飞重量应该也远超过了X-47B的20吨
这样看来，彩虹-7号的性能，很可能是和RQ-180对标，只是两者的设计用途上，彩虹-7号更强调打击能力，而RQ-180增更强调侦察监视。当然，能够打击，自然也可以在弹舱里装上软油箱，进一步增加留空时间，或者安装更多侦察设备。
据设计师表示，CH-7无人机将会在机翼前缘安装雷达，同时机腹可以安装光电侦察装置。由于该机的留空时间非常长，单纯担任打击任务的话，可能有点浪费了航程——除非是用它当“巡航导弹”用，去袭击美国本土的目标。
不过目前让站长感到比较困惑的是该机的发动机推力似乎有些过剩。
美国X-47B无人机，最大起飞重量达到了20吨，而推力也不过是一台8吨推力的F110非加力型。
所以，笔者有一些怀疑，要么是彩虹给出的13吨最大起飞重量并非真正“最大”起飞重量，实际起飞重量达到20吨左右，要么其发动机是两台共5吨左右。
但不论哪一个情况，“彩虹7”无人机确实是我国首次开发的此类无人机。在此之前，沈飞设计的“利剑”，比较接近英国“雷神”、法国“神经元”或俄罗斯米格“鳐鱼”，苏霍伊“猎人-B”，都是采用一台中等推力无加力（当然“利剑”还带着加力燃烧室）发动机，最大起飞重量不超过10吨，载弹1-2吨。
彩虹7拥有上万公里的航程，走北极航线足以从我国东北地区起飞，单程攻击华盛顿，如果减少载荷，比如只带300公斤的弹头，甚至可以覆盖美国全境，堪称战略无人机。
相比之下，沈飞研制的“利剑”无人机（图为改用无加力涡扇发动机的模型）航程就短得多了，属于战术无人机
而航天科工的“天鹰”飞翼无人机（和北航基于BZK-005开发的“天鹰”没有关系）也是在本次航展展出，它比“利剑”还要再小一些，可能不考虑载弹的问题了。
此外国内还有很多企业在研制，或者至少声称在研制类似的小型飞翼无人机，但与“彩虹7”相比，都是有点小巫见大巫的感觉。
https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-11-13/doc-ihnstwwr3707024.shtml
中国自适应变循环发动机完成技术验证 或将用于歼20
2018年11月13日 09:13 新浪军事
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近日有关媒体报道中航集团专程型号总师刘乐泉同志的先进事迹，文中首次提到国产新一代自适应变循环发动机研制进展，国产新一代发动机已经进入“关键技术整机验证阶段”，为歼-20改进和发展新一代战斗机打下了坚实基础。
从文章内容来看，国内新一代自适应变循环发动机已经经过了前期技术预研、部件试制、核心机研制等阶段，进入到验证机试验阶段，应该说这个进度还是非常快的，出乎外界意料。
一样花开为底迟：中国离发动机强国的路还有多远1/22
查看原图图集模式
近日，国内杂志曝光了我国歼-10B战斗机换装推力矢量控制发动机试飞的图片，这也让从去年开始就传的沸沸扬扬的歼-10B战斗机换装推力矢量控制发动机的消息最终尘埃落定。也意味着我国在航空发动机领域的探索和投入终于又有了令人欣喜的成果。不过与世界其他航空工业强国相比，我国在航发领域仍有许多不足，未来我国能否在这些方面有所突破？本期《出鞘》我们就来谈谈我国航空发动机的未来。（查看完整内容搜索微信公众号：sinamilnews）
我们知道战斗机主要依靠空气动力优化来提高性能，不过到了第四代战斗机，战斗机设计者感觉凭借单一手段再次扩展战斗机飞行包线已经非常困难，需要采取多种手段才能继续对战斗机性能进行升级，其中最关键就是发动机性能，对于发动机来说，战斗机许多方面性能自相矛盾，巡航阶段需要发动机省油，以提高航程和作战半径，在空战之中又要求飞机具备较好高空高速性能，但是现在使用的发动机涵道是固定的，不能改变，很难兼顾两者之间的性能，自适应变循环发动机解决了这个问题，它的涵道是可变的，发动机可以在涡扇、涡喷发动机之间进行转换，从而战斗机能够以最佳状态执行任务，有效提高了战斗机作战能力，国内外航空工业特别是航发技术人员都认为下一代发动机应该是自适应变循环发动机就是这个原因。
自适应变循环发动机结构示意图
笔者注意到文章之中提到国产新一代自适应变循环发动机重点攻克了“高负荷、高效率、高稳定压气机”、“高升温、高稳定环形燃烧室”、“高耐温、高效率涡轮气动和冷却”等技术，并且广泛采用了新材料、工艺，解决了核心机部件匹配技术，从一个侧面表明国产新一代自适应变循环发动机已经完成前期技术预研、部件试制和核心机研制，进入发动机技术验证机研制阶段，同时它也表明国产新一代自适应变循环发动机气动设计更加先进、结构也更加简单，推力更大、重量更轻。
美国在上世纪80年代研制的YF120变循环发动机，它的结构就比F119要简单
从国内外航空发动机发展来看，结构简化是一个趋势，F110、FWS-10等三代发动机普遍采用3级风扇加9级高压压气机，AL-31F则是4级风扇加9级高压压气机，到了四代发动机结构就进行了简化，F119涡扇发动机采用了3级风扇加6级高压压气机，至于未来自适应变循环发动机还会进一步简化，一般认为只有2级风扇加5级高压压气机，结构简化，发动机部件减少，但是空气流量、增压比等指标不减反增，结果就是发动机单个部件负荷迅速增加，所以国产新一代自适应变循环发动机将高负荷、高效应技术放在技术攻关的前列，另外发动机燃烧室要求高升温、高稳定，高压涡轮要求采用高效率冷却系统，这些要求蕴含国产新一代自适应变循环发动机具备更高燃烧温度，以提高发动机推力，不过这样意味着高压涡轮需要承受更高的温度，对于高压涡轮材料、工艺、冷却系统提了更高要求。
除了气动设计之外，发动机升级也是下一代战斗机技术进步关键
综上所述，可以推测国产新一代自适应变循环发动机已经完成核心机试制和测试，通过增加风扇、低压涡轮、加力燃烧室等试制成了技术验证机，进行前期技术验证，可以说国产新一代自适应变循环发动机已经正式进入了整机阶段，成果可喜可贺，不过我们也要清楚看到，技术验证机只是万里长征第一步，前面道路充满曲折和艰险，例如发动机需要验证整体设计是否与理论计算相符合，推力曲线是否与预期一致，除了地面试车之外，还要进行高空模拟试车、空中试飞等等一系列测试，即便研制顺利，国产新一代自适应变循环发动机实用时间也不会早于2030年，因此我们既要坚信国产新一代自适应变循环发动机一定会鹰击长空，更要脚踏实地，一步一个脚印，刻苦攻关，坚实认真，才能取得胜利。（作者署名：小飞猪观察）
Https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/china/2018-11-13/doc-ihnstwwr3774728.shtml
China's Rainbow 7 voyage tens of thousands of kilometers.
November 13, 2018 09:24 Observer Network
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At this year's air show, Aerospace Science and Technology Group 11 Hospital Rainbow Company continued to be a bright spot. I think that their products need to be divided into two parts, on the one hand, the existing products and further development based on existing products, and expand the use; the other part is the new forward-looking technology development.
We have seen that the rainbow-4 and rainbow-5 drones brought by the 11th hospital have installed the search radar device on the sea under the belly. With the strong endurance performance of these two drones, It can realize long-term, wide-scale monitoring of sea surface conditions. In addition, at the company's booth, we saw that they also developed a comprehensive underwater detection and monitoring system concept based on the company's advanced UAV system development experience, including a variety of underwater unmanned submersibles.
In the development of MQ-9, the United States has also introduced an improved version for maritime reconnaissance monitoring tasks, including carrying a sonar buoy projection device on the MQ-9 for implementing anti-submarine monitoring tasks, and 11 hospitals in this regard. It seems to go a step further and integrate the drone and underwater vehicle and underwater sonar station network system into a comprehensive monitoring system covering the surface and underwater.
For China, anti-submarine warfare is still a short-board, although since the last year the Navy has begun to receive a large number of new-generation maritime patrol aircraft "Gaoxin No.6", this kind of maritime patrol aircraft based on the Yun-9 special platform type The actual performance may not be as good as the US P-8A. Although the performance of the airborne equipment is similar, the latter is modified with Boeing 737, which has many advantages in terms of flight performance and comfort.
Moreover, the P-8A now has the ability to jointly fight with the naval "Global Hawk" (Terry East) and MQ-9 sea patrol type, and the advantage is even greater.
Therefore, Rainbow's efforts in the implementation of maritime reconnaissance and surveillance missions by unmanned systems also reflect an important development direction of China's future anti-submarine and maritime information operations. There are more than one company in China that is actively engaged in research in this area.
As for the forward-looking projects, the “Rainbow 7” engineering prototype on the indoor booth of Rainbow Company at this year's air show is obviously the most representative.
Regarding the shape of the aircraft, since the front edge of the wing has a misalignment, it looks like a top view similar to the US X-47B. Especially when interviewed by relevant personnel of Rainbow Company, it was revealed that when the power system of the aircraft was two engines with a total thrust of 10 tons, it seemed clear that the aircraft had the consideration of getting on the ship, so everyone thought that the plane was overlooked. The outline may be close to what the X-47B looks like.
Everyone thinks that the shape of Rainbow 7B is closer to X-47B.
The "Rainbow X" model at the 2016 Air Show shows that the aircraft and the X-47 are actually very different.
But in fact, if we look at Rainbow's official 3D renderings and the smaller "Rainbow X" model at the last air show, we will find that "Rainbow 7" is closer to X-47B than it is. It is better to say that it is more similar to Northrop Grumman's RQ-180 drone.
At present, the data of Rainbow No. 7 released by Rainbow Company is:
10 meters long, wingspan 22 meters, maximum takeoff weight 13 tons, cruising speed 0.5-0.6 Mach, maximum flight speed 0.75 Mach, cruising altitude 10000-13000 meters
According to Observer's interview with the technical person in charge of Rainbow Company, he told us that the engine of the aircraft is two turbofan engines with a total thrust of 10 tons, and the bomb load of the aircraft is 2 tons, and there are two large bombs on the abdomen. The cabin can accommodate a variety of air-ground ammunition in active service, including anti-radiation missiles and air-to-ship missiles. The clearance time is designed to be 15 hours - calculated at a speed of 0.5 Mach cruising, with a range of 9180 km.
3D rendering of Rainbow 7 (Photo courtesy of Rainbow)
This is more obvious. The CH-7 is a relatively large aircraft.
Rainbow's previously launched Rainbow-805 target can be regarded as a rainbow-7 scale proofing machine in a certain sense. Of course, its specific design still has many differences.
The author got the permission of Rainbow Company to take an exclusive photo of Rainbow-7 from the rear. It can be seen that the size of the landing gear door is huge, which may be the same as the B-2, providing additional directional stability during the takeoff and landing phase.
Rainbow 7 prototype tail nozzle photo
At the same time, it is said that the main task of Rainbow 7 is to strike an important target of the enemy's far-reaching depth in the context of "symmetric high-tech confrontation".
According to the designer, the frontal radar reflection cross-sectional area of Rainbow 7 is at 0.01 m2, which is about the same as the F-117A level. There seems to be some gap with the F-22 and 歼-20's 0.0001 m2 level. This may be because the air show reveals the limit data when it is exported. If the self-use Rainbow 7 is to perform the deep task of the enemy air defense circle in the "symmetric high-tech confrontation" environment, its stealth performance should be better than this. The data is stronger and more correct.
In contrast, regarding the use of the RQ-180, the US Aviation Weekly published an article saying that the aircraft and the SR-72 hypersonic reconnaissance aircraft, the B-21 strategic bomber, and the new generation LRSO cruise missile as a "System family" design, RQ-180 undertakes the task of long-term reconnaissance surveillance.
Then, in order to cooperate with the B-21, which may be tens of thousands of kilometers in voyage, the RQ-180's voyage should be at least not shorter than this - this is also benchmarked against the performance data of the CH-7.
From the perspective of aspect ratio, Rainbow-7 is closer to the layout of RQ-180.
According to the size of the warehouse in Area 51, the wingspan of RQ-180 should be about 40 meters, much larger than Rainbow No. 7, and the take-off weight should be far more than the 20 tons of X-47B.
In this way, the performance of Rainbow-7 is likely to be benchmarked with RQ-180, but the design of the two is used. Rainbow-7 emphasizes the ability to strike, while RQ-180 emphasizes reconnaissance surveillance. Of course, if you can strike, you can naturally install a soft fuel tank in the bomb bay to further increase the time left, or install more reconnaissance equipment.
According to the designer, the CH-7 drone will be equipped with a radar at the leading edge of the wing, and a photoelectric reconnaissance device can be installed on the belly. Because the aircraft's short-term time is very long, simply acting as a strike mission, it may be a waste of the voyage - unless it is used as a "cruise missile" to attack the United States.
However, the current confusion of the stationmaster is that the engine's engine thrust seems to be excessive.
The US X-47B drone has a maximum takeoff weight of 20 tons, and the thrust is nothing more than an 8 ton thrust F110 non-energized type.
Therefore, the author has some doubts, or the maximum takeoff weight of 13 tons given by the rainbow is not the true "maximum" takeoff weight, the actual takeoff weight is about 20 tons, or the engine is two sets of about 5 tons.
But in either case, the "Rainbow 7" drone is indeed the first such drone developed in China. Prior to this, Shen Fei’s “sword” was closer to the British “Raytheon”, the French “neuron” or the Russian MiG “Squid”, and the Sukhoi “Hunter-B”, all using a medium thrust. No effort (of course, "Lee" also carries afterburner) engine, the maximum takeoff weight is less than 10 tons, and the bomb is 1-2 tons.
Rainbow 7 has a voyage of tens of thousands of kilometers. The Arctic route is enough to take off from northeastern China. It can attack Washington in one way. If the load is reduced, such as a warhead with only 300 kilograms, it can even cover the whole of the United States. It is a strategic drone.
In contrast, the "Sword" UAV developed by Shen Fei (pictured to use the model of the non-energized turbofan engine) has a much shorter range and is a tactical drone.
The Aerospace Science and Technology's "Eagle" flying-wing UAV (which has nothing to do with Beihang's "Tianying" based on BZK-005) is also exhibited at this air show. It is even smaller than the "Sword". May not consider the problem of bombs.
In addition, there are still many companies in China that are developing, or at least claiming to develop similar small-wing flying drones, but compared with the "Rainbow 7", they are a bit small and sorrowful.
Https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/jssd/2018-11-13/doc-ihnstwwr3707024.shtml
China's adaptive variable cycle engine completes technical verification or will be used for 歼20
November 13, 2018 09:13 Sina Military
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Recently, the media reported on the advanced deeds of Comrade Liu Lequan, the chief model officer of AVIC Group. For the first time, the paper mentioned the development of a new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine. The new generation of domestically produced engines has entered the “critical technology machine verification stage”, which is 歼-20. Improving and developing a new generation of fighters has laid a solid foundation.
From the content of the article, the new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine in China has passed the stage of pre-technical pre-research, component trial production, core machine development, etc., and entered the test phase of the verification machine. It should be said that this progress is still very fast, out of the outside world. Expected.
The same flower is the end of the day: How far is China's road from the engine country?
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Recently, domestic magazines have exposed pictures of China's J-10B fighters' thrust vector control engine test flight, which also caused the news that the 歼-10B fighter jets to be loaded with thrust vector control engines from the beginning of last year was finally settled. It also means that China's exploration and investment in the field of aero-engines has finally had gratifying results. However, compared with other powerful aviation industry countries in the world, China still has many shortcomings in the field of aviation and aviation. Can China make breakthroughs in these areas in the future? In this issue of "Sheathing", let's talk about the future of China's aero engine. (View full content search WeChat public number: sinamilnews)
We know that fighters rely mainly on aerodynamic optimization to improve performance. However, in the fourth generation of fighters, fighter designers feel that it is very difficult to expand the flight envelope of the fighters by a single means, and various measures are needed to continue to upgrade the performance of the fighters. The most important factor is the engine performance. For the engine, the performance of many aspects of the fighter is contradictory. The cruise phase requires the engine to save fuel to improve the range and combat radius. In the air combat, the aircraft is required to have better high-altitude and high-speed performance, but now it is used. The engine duct is fixed and cannot be changed. It is difficult to balance the performance between the two. The adaptive variable cycle engine solves this problem. Its ducting is variable, and the engine can be between the turbofan and the turbojet engine. The conversion, so that the fighter can perform the task in the best state, effectively improve the combat capability of the fighter. The domestic and international aviation industry, especially the aviation technicians, believe that the next generation engine should be an adaptive variable cycle engine.
Schematic diagram of adaptive variable cycle engine structure
The author noticed that the article mentioned that the new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has overcome the "high load, high efficiency, high stability compressor", "high temperature rise, high stability annular combustion chamber", "high temperature resistance, high efficiency". Turbine pneumatics and cooling technology, and widely used new materials and processes, solved the core machine component matching technology, from one side shows that the domestic new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has completed the pre-technical pre-research, component trial and core machine development. Into the engine technology verification machine development stage, it also shows that the domestic new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine aerodynamic design is more advanced, the structure is also simpler, the thrust is larger, the weight is lighter.
The YF120 variable cycle engine developed by the United States in the 1980s is simpler than the F119.
From the perspective of aero-engine development at home and abroad, structural simplification is a trend. Three-generation engines such as F110 and FWS-10 generally use a 3-stage fan and a 9-stage high-pressure compressor, while the AL-31F is a 4-stage fan plus a 9-stage high-pressure compressor. The four-generation engine structure has been simplified. The F119 turbofan engine uses a 3-stage fan and a 6-stage high-pressure compressor. As for the future adaptive variable-cycle engine, it will be further simplified. It is generally considered that only the 2-stage fan and the 5-stage high-pressure compressor are considered. The structure is simplified, the engine components are reduced, but the air flow, the boost ratio and other indicators are not reduced, and the result is that the load of the individual components of the engine increases rapidly. Therefore, the domestically-made new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine puts high-load and high-effect technology on the technology. At the forefront of the research, the engine combustion chamber requires high temperature rise and high stability, and the high pressure turbine requires high efficiency cooling system. These requirements contain a new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine with higher combustion temperature to improve engine thrust, but this means High pressure turbines need to withstand higher temperatures for high pressure turbine materials, processes, cooling The system puts higher demands.
In addition to aerodynamic design, engine upgrade is also the key to the next generation of fighter technology advancement
In summary, it can be inferred that the new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has completed the core machine trial production and testing, and has completed the technical verification machine by adding fans, low pressure turbines, afterburner, etc. The new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine has officially entered the whole stage, and the results are gratifying, but we must also clearly see that the technical verification machine is only the first step of the long march. The road ahead is full of twists and turns, such as the engine needs to be verified. Whether the overall design is consistent with the theoretical calculation, whether the thrust curve is consistent with expectations, in addition to the ground interview vehicle, but also a series of tests such as high-altitude simulation test, aerial test flight, etc., even if the development is smooth, the domestic new generation of adaptive variable cycle engine is practical. Time will not be earlier than 2030, so we must firmly believe in the new generation of adaptive variable cycle
