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Chinese wisdom from Andy Xie on financial crisis

besotted

Alfrescian
Loyal
This guy was working here but unfortunately we lost this talent because some small-minded people at Morgan Stanley thought his frankness would have offended some of our leaders here. Truly a great loss.


望于流动性政策,只会延误对经济危机的应对,延长经济衰退

  全球经济正陷入深渊。在这场危机中,人们对增加流动性寄予厚望。过去两个月,中国大幅提高了信贷规模。自2008年11月以来,中国股市跑赢其他市场约40%。这些都吸引了全球投资者的目光。

  全球市场屡次因中国动向而起伏。投资者清楚,下一次经济上升,尽管尚不知何时、以何种方式发生,但必将与中国密切相关。由于美国仍需数年解决“双赤字”难题,欧洲和日本仍受困于老龄化问题,中国似乎是推动经济好转的惟一希望。

  然而,对流动性的信心与依赖,似乎有点表错了情。在格林斯潘时代,流动性被赋予了神奇力量,金融从业人员花费大量的时间讨论它,却没有几个人知道流动性到底是什么。

流动性政策缘何失效

  当中央银行宣称正在向市场注入流动性时,它购入某些金融资产,例如,以现金买入政府债券。当这一操作完成时,其资产负债表发生了变动:在负债方,它欠金融体系的钱增加;在资产方,它新增了更多证券。金融系统资产负债表的记录则完全相反:拥有更多的货币和更少的证券。手中的货币增加,金融体系可能会倾向于增加贷款,或是买入更多证券。前者将提高借款人的支出能力,后者将提升资产价格。经济学家通常关注于前者,而金融从业人员关注的是后者。

  流动性经凯恩斯的著述开始受到推崇。早前,它曾一度等同于投机。凯恩斯主要关注的,是在20世纪初期频繁发生的经济衰退中如何刺激需求。流动性通常与财政刺激相关,例如,通过购买财政债券以支持政府赤字。财政刺激支持的主要理念是,当某人失业时,令其有事可做(即便他的这份新工作完全没有用处),这样,他可以凭借收入进行支出,进而引发一连串的经济活动。当失业率居高不下时,财政赤字可以起到改善作用。

  与之相反,经济学家熊彼特提出,经济衰退可被认为是“创造性破坏”(creative destruction),即经济衰退是淘汰弱者、为新企业赢得空间的过程。在他的理论中,经济衰退预示着进步和创新。政府为熨平经济波动实施干预,无法达到预期目的。尽管经济周期狂暴循环,19世纪繁荣的经济似乎支持了熊彼特的理论。

  然而,这个世界并不是像凯恩斯或是熊彼特所阐述的那样非黑即白。当经济处于严重低迷期时,将引发社会革命。20世纪30年代和40年代的革命,与1929年的“大萧条”密切相关。在严酷的经济衰退期,政府有责任刺激经济增长,这一点凯恩斯是对的。然而,财政刺激不能在长期内发挥作用,过度依赖刺激可能将引发滞胀。经济衰退也可以起到将业绩不佳的企业淘汰出局的作用。

  在20世纪70年代的滞胀时期,流动性并不是经济管理的有效工具。工人们在预见到了货币增长带来的通货膨胀冲击后,要求提高工资以抵消通胀的影响,但是,工资的增长将立即传导至CPI,引发通胀抬头。货币扩张与通胀之间存在直接的传导路径。因此,中央银行放松银根仅仅会推高通胀,而无助于刺激需求。当沃尔克(Paul Volcker)担任美联储主席、大幅提高联邦基金利率以打击通胀后,滞胀时代结束了,他的举措也为后来低通胀时代的来临奠定了基础 。

  在格林斯潘接任美联储主席时,通胀预期较低。当格林斯潘增加货币供给后,货币首先流入了资产市场,引发资产通胀,并有效地刺激了需求的增加。由于来自发展中国家的逾10亿名工人融入全球经济体系,全球化拉长了低通胀时代延续的时间。金融市场逐步适应了格林斯潘流动性政策带来的效果。随着“银弹” 攻势重振经济后,大部分金融人士开始对流动性顶礼膜拜。

  自当前这场经济危机在2007年8月爆发后,各国中央银行再次祭出了流动性法宝作为应对措施。对流动性扩张政策的信任,提高了金融市场的信心,并在数月内稳定了市场。但在2008年,这一政策开始失效,增加流动性并没有推升资产价格或是改善需求。全球经济和金融市场陷入了一个恶性循环。

为什么流动性扩张政策这次失效了呢?

  尽管金融人士通常把流动性看做类似于“免费的钱”(free money),但事实上,它是一种短期债务。当有足够多的家庭或是企业愿意借款消费时,它就会发生作用;但当信贷泡沫破裂,不管利率多么低,都没有几个家庭或是企业再有借款的意愿。此时,流动性政策彻底失效。用货币经济学的术语描述,就是流动性增加而货币乘数缩小。

怪信心还是怪钱袋

  中国的情况与西方不同,总体而言并不存在高杠杆率问题,尤其是家庭部门没有太多债务。这就是当中国扩张流动性时全球如此瞩目的原因。中国拥有将流动性转化为需求的潜力。然而,中国家庭部门跟政府部门、企业部门之间的结构性不平衡,妨碍了流动性向有效需求转化。

  中国当前的流动性来源于高额贸易顺差。由于中国央行并没有像以前那样,发行央票以对冲贸易盈余,目前,流动性都集中在银行体系当中,而银行以接受贴现票据的形式,将部分资金贷给国有企业。由于以这种形式获得的贷款利率都相当低,国有企业可以将资金存起来而不用担心成本,甚至有时候还小有获利。这在会计上会导致银行体系资产负债表迅速扩张。

  然而,这样的贷款在短期内不会转化为需求。大部分企业,尤其是资本密集型企业都面临产能过剩。例如,钢铁企业大约有30%的产能过剩;造船业面临大量违约订单,如果不是大多数,至少许多家造船厂将面临破产风险。中国的供给方产能大量过剩,积压了太多库存,如果银行借款援助它们继续生产,只能让它们越陷越深。增加贷款并不能推动经济复苏。

  对政府项目放贷可以增加有效需求。财政刺激项目具有乘数效应,银行贷款可以放大这一效果。今年,中国政府编制了近1万亿元人民币的财政预算赤字(约占2009年GDP的3%)。这一刺激政策将稳定经济,但不会推动其重返高速增长状态。

  中国经济疲软的根源,在于出口下滑和房地产市场泡沫破裂。前者是全球信贷泡沫破裂的必然结果。全球化使得生产活动从发达国家转移至发展中国家。在这一背景下,西方各国央行容忍资产泡沫的存在,使得西方消费者能够享有资产泡沫带来的好处,维持既往的生活方式,而无视工资状况能否支持这样的消费水平。随着泡沫的破裂,他们对来自发展中国家的出口商品的需求,也减少至与其工资水平相匹配的程度。

  中国的房地产市场存在泡沫。在许多城市,每平方米均价约等于或高于月平均工资的3倍,而建筑开工总量相当于目前房屋存量的三分之一。高房价和高建筑量并存的现象,必将不可持续。2008年前那种强劲的购房需求只是一个泡沫现象,原因在于消费者预计房价将进一步走高,试图赶在房价高不可及之前,及早买房、锁定风险。

  为了解决需求疲软问题,中国政府必须刺激居民消费,以抵销出口下滑带来的影响;降低房地产购买成本,以消化眼下的存量房屋。这两个问题不解决,中国经济便不能重现高速增长。信心并不是中国家庭消费相对疲软的原因,事实上,收入低、财富积累少,才是真正的肇因。最迅速的解决办法是,政府将持有的上市国企股份分配给民众。这对消费而言,必将产生一个强大的短期效应。随着经济高速发展推动企业经营利润提高、股票增值,消费者的有效需求将进一步得到支撑,带动经济持续繁荣发展。

以新泡沫救旧泡沫不可为

  1998年,中国政府将公有住宅以象征性的低价出售给个人,启动了住房制度的改革,为后来房地产市场的繁荣奠定了基础。如果政府将国企的股份分配给家庭部门,将确保新一轮的十年经济增长。

  如何分配这些股票呢?政府可以选择一家国有银行,通过居民身份证号码自动为每一个居民开立账户。居民可以凭借身份证,向指定银行的任一网点获取股份。

  部分人士认为,贫苦民众在获得股票后可能会以低价出售,这一幕曾在20世纪90年代的俄罗斯上演。但我认为,中国不会重蹈俄罗斯覆辙。现在,10%的中国人拥有股票经纪账户,而当时俄罗斯仅有0.5%。现在的中国人热衷于股票交易,会谨慎处理手中持有的国企股份。此外,国企还可以分配红利,这将让人们更为珍视手中的股票。我预计,分配红利的措施,将比那些产能过剩行业的国企把钱大把花在网络设备、计算机、仪器等一次性支出项目上,更有利于推动经济增长。

  也有人认为,国企股份应该用于补充社会保障基金。缺乏社会保障也是目前消费疲软的原因之一。但我怀疑,人们是否会将存放在社会保障基金中的资金与自己口袋里的人民币等同视之。来自发达国家的研究显示,民众会将前者打个60%的折扣。因此,将货币发放到居民的口袋里,对经济的促进作用将更为显著。

  为消化现有的存量房屋,每平方米购房成本应该降至月平均工资的1.5倍。在国际上,这也是一个不低的标准。但考虑到中国将在未来15年或是更长的时间内维持高速经济增长,房地产价格可以高于国际水平。购房成本下降,需要通过房价降低和加大税收激励两种同样重要的方式,双管齐下。

  部分人士希望,扩张流动性能够抬升资产市场价格,进而改善经济,这实际上相当于制造一个新的泡沫。在2000年高科技泡沫破裂后,格林斯潘采用的就是这种做法。时过境迁,格氏昔日的光辉开始成为今日的梦魇。制造新泡沫以应对旧泡沫破裂的后果,是不负责任的行为,即便可以为,也不应为之。

  我担心这一悲剧在中国重演。在2008年12月和2009年1月,确实有部分资金流入了股市,在三个月内,股市出现了40%的反弹,创下近期高位。不过,要想在经济衰退时期吹出一个股市泡沫,实在是极其困难,现代历史上还不曾有过,因为投机者此时通常选择快速获利了结。

  此外,试图通过投机来推升中国房地产市场价格的做法,也只不过是一个“白日梦”。当前在建的以及完工的房屋,是有史以来数量最多的,即便是借助最佳的政策组合,也需要三年的时间来消化。

  中国的经济问题在于疲软的居民需求,其根源在于民众收入低、财富积累少。信心虽然是一个影响因素,但并不是最重要的因素。过去十年,强劲的出口支撑了中国的高额投资。如今,我们迫切希望居民需求可以取代出口,令投资获益。最快的解决办法,是将政府财富分配给公众。寄望于流动性政策,只会延误对经济危机的应对,延长经济衰退。■
 

scroobal

Alfrescian
Loyal
As an economist he was no different to others. He got the gig here because they were luring provincial officials with looted millions to bank in singapore. He was silly enough to state the obvious - singapore a money laundering centre. Has been for years.

Suddenly you are hero worshipping this guy and this is not your first post on this subject.

The guy still can't get a gig outside China. This guy is no different from Tammy in NYP. Famous for all the wrong reasons.
 

zuoom

Alfrescian
Loyal
using http://translate.google.com/translate_t?hl=en&sl=zh-CN&tl=en#
Look at the mobility policy, will only delay the response to the economic crisis and prolong the economic recession

Global economy is plunged into the abyss. In this crisis, people have high hopes for increased mobility. Over the past two months, China's substantial increase in the credit scale. Since November 2008, the Chinese stock market outperformed other markets about 40%. These attracted the attention of global investors.

Repeatedly because of the global market trends and the ups and downs in China. Investors clearly, the next economic upturn, even though I do not know yet when, in what manner, but is closely related with China is bound to. Few years because the United States still need to solve the "twin deficits" problem, Europe and Japan are still struggling with the aging problem, China seems to be to promote an economic upturn, the only hope.

However, the mobility of confidence and reliance on the table seems a bit wrong situation. Greenspan at time, liquidity has been given a magic power, financial practitioners spend a lot of time to discuss it, some people did not know what is in the end mobility.

Why liquidity policy failure

When the Central Bank declared that is injected liquidity to the market when it acquired certain financial assets, such as in cash to buy government bonds. When this operation is complete, its balance sheet changes took place: at the liability side, it owes the money to increase the financial system; in the asset side, it adds a more securities. Balance sheet of the financial system of record is exactly the opposite: have more money and fewer securities. The hands of an increase in currency, the financial system might be inclined to increase the loan, or buy more securities. The former will enhance the capacity of the borrower's expenditures, which will enhance the asset prices. Economists usually focus on the former, while the financial professionals are concerned about the latter.

Mobility of Keynes's writings by the beginning by the respected. Earlier, it was once equated with speculation. Cairns main concern is the frequent occurrence of the early 20th century the economic recession of how to stimulate demand. Liquidity is usually associated with the fiscal stimulus, for example, through the purchase of bonds to support the Government's fiscal deficit. Fiscal stimulus to support the main idea is that when a person losing their jobs, it has to do (even if he's the new job totally useless), so that he can rely on revenue expenditure, which lead to a series of economic activities. When the unemployment rate remains high, the deficit could play a role in the improvement.

In contrast, the economist, Schumpeter suggested that economic recession can be considered "creative destruction" (creative destruction), that is, out of economic recession are the weak, in order to win new business space. In his theory, the economic downturn indicates that progress and innovation. Pressing the Government to intervene in the implementation of economic fluctuations and can not achieve the desired objectives. Despite the violent cycle of the economic cycle, the 19th century would seem to support the economic prosperity of the Schumpeterian theory.

However, this world is not like Keynes or Schumpeter, as set out in black and white. When the economy is in a serious downturn, it will trigger a social revolution. The 20th century during the 30's and 40's revolution, and in 1929 the "Great Depression" is closely related to. In the harsh economic recession, the Government has the responsibility to stimulate economic growth, which Keynes was right. However, the fiscal stimulus should not play a role in the long term, excessive dependence on stimulus probably will lead to stagflation. Can also act as an economic recession will be poor performance eliminated the role of enterprises.

In the 20th century 70s stagflation period, liquidity is not an effective tool of economic management. Workers in the foreseeable growth in the monetary impact of inflation, or for higher wages to offset the effects of inflation, however, wage growth will immediately transfer to the CPI, the rise of inflation. Monetary expansion and inflation between the direct conduction path. Therefore, the central bank easing the money supply only push up inflation, and is not conducive to stimulate demand. When Volcker (Pa ul Volcker) as Federal Reserve Chairman, substantially increase the federal funds rate to combat inflation, stagflation the end of time, and his initiatives for the subsequent era of low inflation have laid a foundation.

Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan took over at the time, inflation is expected to be low. When Alan Greenspan to increase the money supply after the first currency into the asset markets and trigger the inflation of assets, and effectively stimulated demand. From developing countries because more than one billion workers into the global economic system, globalization and low inflation lengthen the time extension of time. Financial markets and gradually adapted to the Greenspan liquidity policy effects. With the "silver bullet" offensive to revive its economy, and the majority of the financial liquidity to pay homage to the beginning.

Since the current economic crisis in August 2007 after the outbreak, the central bank once again resorted to the mobility of a magic weapon as response measures. Expansionist policies of the mobility of the trust, improve confidence in financial markets, and in a few months to stabilize the market. However, in 2008, the beginning of this policy failure, increase liquidity and push up asset prices do not improve or needs. The global economy and financial markets into a vicious circle.

Why the mobility of the expansionist policies of this failure?

Even though people usually put the financial liquidity as similar to "free money" (free money), but in fact, it is a short-term debt. When there is enough for many home or business when the consumer is willing to lend, it will happen role; when the credit bubble burst, no matter how low interest rates, are not some home or business and then there is the will of the borrower. At this point, the mobility policy of complete failure. The terminology used to describe monetary economics is that the increase in monetary liquidity multiplier narrow.

Confidence in the strange or the strange wallet

Situation in China and the West different, in general, there is no high-leverage problem, especially in home department do not have much debt. This is when the Chinese when the global expansion of liquidity so the reasons for attention. China has to be translated into demand for mobility potential. However, the home department with the Chinese government departments, enterprises of the structural imbalance between the Department impede effective demand mobile aptitude transformation.

China's current trade surplus liquidity from the high. Because of China's central bank did not like before, the central issue tickets in order to hedge the trade surplus, at present, liquidity is concentrated in the banking system which, while the banks to accept the form of discount notes will be part of the funds goes to the state-owned enterprises. Because this form of lending rates are relatively low, the state-owned enterprises can save up the money and not have to worry about the cost, and even sometimes have a small profit. This in accounting on the banking system will lead to the rapid expansion of the balance sheet.

However, such loans in the short term will not be translated into demand. Most of the enterprises, in particular, are capital-intensive enterprises are faced with excess production capacity. For example, iron and steel enterprises have around 30% of excess production capacity; shipbuilding industry is facing substantial breach of Order, if not most, at least at home shipyard will face a lot of risk of insolvency. China's supply-side capacity surplus substantial backlog of too much inventory, if a bank loan to assist them to continue production, so that they can only be bogged down further. Increase in loans and should not promote economic recovery.

Lending to government projects to increase the effective demand. Fiscal stimulus has a multiplier effect of projects, bank loans can enlarge this effect. This year, the Chinese government produced a near 1 trillion yuan of the budget deficit (in 2009 GDP of about 3%). This policy will stimulate economic stabilization, but it will not push ahead with its return to high growth status.

The root cause of China's economic weakness lies in the export downturn and the real estate market bubble burst. The former is a global credit bubble burst the inevitable result. Globalization makes the transfer of production activities from developed to developing countries. In this context, the Bank of Western countries tolerate the existence of asset bubbles, making the Western consumers can enjoy the benefits of asset bubble, the maintenance of the past way of life, while ignoring the wages of its ability to support such a level of consumption. With the bursting of the bubble, and their export commodities from developing countries to demand their wages reduced to the extent of match.

cont' next post.
 

zuoom

Alfrescian
Loyal
cont' from above.

Chinese real estate market bubble existence. In many cities, the average price per square meter per month about equal to or higher than 3 times the average wage, and started building the equivalent of the total housing stock of the current one-third. High prices and high volume of both the building situation, will certainly not sustainable. 2008 purchase of the former kind of strong demand for just a bubble situation, because consumer prices will further rise is expected to try to drive at high prices and not before, as soon as possible to buy a house, lock the risks.

Weak demand in order to solve the problem, the Chinese government must stimulate consumption to offset the impact of declining exports; to reduce the cost of real estate purchase in order to digest the current housing stock. These two problems are not resolved, the Chinese economy will not be able to reproduce the high-speed growth. The confidence of Chinese household consumption is not the reason for the relatively weak, in fact, low income, less the accumulation of wealth, are the real causes. The most rapid solution is, the government will hold shares of listed state-owned distribution to the public. This consumer is concerned, will have a strong short-term effects. With the rapid economic development to promote business improve profits, stock value, the effective demand of consumers will be further supported by continued economic prosperity and development of Driven.

Save the old foam with new foam can not be

In 1998, the Chinese government will publicly owned housing to low-cost symbolic sold to individuals, launched a reform of the housing system for the real estate market was laid the foundation for prosperity. If the government will give state-owned shares in the distribution of home department will ensure that a new round of economic growth in a decade.

How to allocate these shares? Government can select a state-owned banks, through the resident ID card number automatically for each of the residents to open accounts. Residents with ID card, to the designated bank branches to obtain any shares.

Some people feel that the poor people in access to the stock might be sold at low prices, this scene in the 20th century Russian staged 90s. However, in my opinion, China will not repeat the mistakes of Russia. Now, 10% of the Chinese people have a brokerage account at a time when Russia is only 0.5%. Now keen on Chinese stock exchanges, will carefully deal with the hands of holders of shares of state-owned enterprises. In addition, the state-owned enterprises can also be a dividend distribution, which will allow people to cherish the hands of more shares. I expect that a dividend distribution of measures, than those excess industry capacity of state-owned enterprises put a lot of money spent on network equipment, computers, equipment, etc. on a one-off items of expenditure, more conducive to promoting economic growth.

It was also suggested that state-owned shares should be used to replenish the social security fund. Lack of social security is also one of the reasons for weakness in consumption. But I doubt whether people will be kept in the social security fund of funds with their own pocket by equating the RMB. From developed countries, studies have shown that people in the former will make a 60% discount. Therefore, distributed to residents of the currency in your pocket, on the economy to promote the role will be more prominent.

To digest the existing stock of housing, per square meter per month purchase costs should be reduced to 1.5 times the average wage. At the international level, this is a low standard. However, taking into account that China will in the next 15 years or longer to maintain the high-speed economic growth, real estate prices can be higher than international standards. Purchase costs come down, the need to reduce prices and increase the tax incentives in two important ways same two-pronged approach.

Some people hope that the expansion of liquidity in asset markets can uplift prices, thus improving the economy, it is in fact equivalent to create a new bubble. At 2000 after the tech bubble burst, Greenspan is using this approach. Passage of time, the past glory of kawakamii start to become today's nightmare. Creating a new bubble to deal with the consequences of the old bubble burst, it is irresponsible, even for, nor should it.

I am worried that a repeat of this tragedy in China. In December 2008 and January 2009, some inflow of funds into the stock market in three months, the stock market rebounded by 40%, a record high recently. However, to blow during the recession and a stock market bubble, it is extremely difficult, in modern history, had not, at this time because speculators are taking profits Choose Express.

In addition, an attempt to push up through the speculative real estate market price Chinese practice, it is merely a "pipe dream." Currently under construction and completion of the housing, the largest number ever, even with the best policy mix, but also required a three-year time to digest.

China's economic problem is that the residents of weak demand, rooted in the population have low incomes, less wealth accumulation. While confidence is a significant factor, but not the most important factor. Over the past decade, the export of strong support for China's high investment. Today, our urgent hope that the residents can replace the demand for exports, investment benefit. The fastest solution is to the Government of the wealth distribution to the public. To rely on the mobility policy, will only delay the response to the economic crisis, the extension of economic recession. ■
 
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