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中国首个火星探测器“萤火一号”顺利升空
2011年11月09日 05:08:09 来源： 新华网 【字号 大小】【留言】【打印】【关闭】
资料图片：图为萤火一号和火星的模拟图
……………………………………………………………………………………
新华网哈萨克斯坦拜科努尔发射场１１月８日电（报道员伊格尔·谢列布良内）中国首颗火星探测器“萤火一号”同俄罗斯“福布斯－土壤”探测器于北京时间９日４时１６分在位于哈萨克斯坦境内的拜科努尔发射场搭乘俄运载火箭发射升空。
据俄罗斯联邦航天署发布的消息，将“萤火一号”和“福布斯－土壤”送入太空的是俄罗斯“天顶－２ＳＢ”运载火箭。升空后，“福布斯－土壤”探测器上的主发动机将开始工作，并通过３次点火将两个探测器送入环火星轨道，全部飞行过程将历时３００天左右。
由中国自主研发的“萤火一号”探测器长、宽各约７５厘米，高６０厘米。两侧太阳帆板展开近８米，质量约１１５公斤，设计寿命２年。探测器上携带等离子体探测包、光学成像仪、磁通门磁强仪、掩星探测接收机等４类有效载荷。它将对火星进行为期一年的在轨探测，其任务包括探测火星及其空间环境、揭示类行星空间演化特征等。
航天专家认为，尽管其他国家已向火星发射过约２０个探测器，然而寻找水和生命痕迹及探究火星表面物理化学特性是这些航天器的探测重点。与之不同的是，“萤火一号”将重点探测火星高层大气和电离层等空间环境。这不但对揭示火星演化史十分重要，而且还为中国下一步进行深空探测打下基础。
据俄航天署公布的消息，总质量达１３．５吨的俄“福布斯－土壤”探测器将环绕火星轨道飞行数月，并进行一系列探测。随后，其着陆舱将在火卫一上选择适合地点并着陆。着陆舱上的两个机械臂将在火卫一表面收集质量约２００克的土壤并将其放置于返回舱内。随后，“福布斯－土壤”的返回舱将带着这些样品离开火卫一，并用１０至１１个月的时间重返地球。而探测器上的其他星载仪器将继续对火星的气候和轨道空间进行长期探测。
据悉，如果“萤火一号”和“福布斯－土壤”两颗探测器能够顺利进入预定轨道，人类将首次实现利用处于不同位置的两个航天器来同时对火星电离层和磁场进行研究。俄罗斯联邦航天署副署长达维多夫此前在接受新华社记者采访时说，联合探测火星对俄中双方而言意义重大，希望这一项目能够最终圆满成功。
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15631472
8 November 2011 Last updated at 21:41 GMT
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Russians launch Mars moon probe
By Jonathan Amos Science correspondent, BBC News
The Phobos-Grunt spacecraft will reach Mars in September 2012
Continue reading the main story
Related Stories
Mars mission makes Earth 'return'
Giant space scope reaches orbit
Massive blast 'created Mars moon'
Russia has launched an audacious bid to scoop up rock and dust samples from the Martian moon Phobos and bring them back to Earth for study.
The dusty debris should provide fresh insights into the origin of the 27km-wide moon that many scientists suspect may actually be a captured asteroid.
The mission is called Phobos-Grunt - "grunt" means "soil" in Russian.
It is a significant venture also because it is carrying China's first Mars satellite.
Yinghuo-1 is a 115kg probe that will ride piggyback and be released into an observation orbit around the Red Planet.
The craft lifted off from Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on a Zenit-2SB rocket at 00:16 local time on Wednesday (20:16 GMT Tuesday).
The moon samples could be back on Earth in 33 months' time.
Torrid history
Russia is hoping Phobos-Grunt will finally see it conquer its Martian curse.
Moscow has despatched a total of 16 missions to the Red Planet since the 1960s. None has successfully completed its goals, with the most recent endeavour - the sophisticated Mars-96 spacecraft - being destroyed in a failed launch.
Lead scientist at Moscow's Space Research Institute, Alexander Zakharov, said: "We haven't had a successful interplanetary expedition for over 15 years.
"In that time, the people, the technology, everything has changed. It's all new for us; in many ways we are working from scratch."
Phobos-Grunt (Roscosmos) Phobos-Grunt will attempt to end a dreadful run of failure for Russia at the Red Planet
Phobos-Grunt is a hefty spacecraft, requiring several elements to complete the tasks of landing on the moon, picking up the samples and then despatching them home.
If you include the cruise stage (and all its fuel) that will take Phobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 out to Mars, the total launch mass for the mission is more than 11 tonnes.
Phobos-Grunt is scheduled to reach Mars next September.
After dumping its cruise stage and releasing Yinghuo-1, the main spacecraft will manoeuvre itself into position to land on Phobos.
Shipped home
Detailed mapping of the moon has been conducted by the European Space Agency's Mars Express (MEx) satellite, and this information is being used to identify a suitable location to land in February 2013.
Once on the surface, a robotic arm will pick up samples of the regolith ("soil"). Some of this material will be analysed there and then, but a portion of it - about 200g - will be transferred to a canister for return to Earth.
This canister and its departure stage should be sent home within a few days of Phobos-Grunt's arrival on the moon. All being well, the canister should fall to Earth in the Kazakh desert in August 2014.
Potato-shaped Phobos is a fascinating target. Although it has been studied extensively by passing satellites, it still holds many secrets - not just about itself, but also the planet below.
It is one of two moons at Mars (the other being Deimos). It has an extremely low density, indicating it probably has many interior voids.
Some scientists think it may be a collection of rocky rubble that coalesced around the Red Planet soon after its formation. Another explanation is that it is an asteroid that came close to Mars and got caught in its gravity.
'Water bears'
The French (Cnes) and German (DLR) space agencies have provided instrumentation for Phobos-Grunt. The European Space Agency, in addition to its survey information from MEx, will be providing ground support.
US participation comes in the form of the space advocacy group, The Planetary Society.
It is sending its Living Interplanetar Flight Experiment (LIFE) on Phobos-Grunt.
This package of hardy micro-organisms will make the journeys out and back inside a separate compartment in the return capsule.
It will test theories on how living organisms could spread through the Solar System by simulating aspects of the long-duration voyage that microbes could make in a meteoroid that has been blasted off one planetary body and landed on another.
The microscopic participants in LIFE include the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, known for its ability to withstand high doses of radiation, and the eight-legged tardigrade (or "water bear"), a microscopic invertebrate that has already demonstrated its ability to survive short exposure to the space environment.
[email protected]
2011年11月09日 05:08:09 来源： 新华网 【字号 大小】【留言】【打印】【关闭】
资料图片：图为萤火一号和火星的模拟图
……………………………………………………………………………………
新华网哈萨克斯坦拜科努尔发射场１１月８日电（报道员伊格尔·谢列布良内）中国首颗火星探测器“萤火一号”同俄罗斯“福布斯－土壤”探测器于北京时间９日４时１６分在位于哈萨克斯坦境内的拜科努尔发射场搭乘俄运载火箭发射升空。
据俄罗斯联邦航天署发布的消息，将“萤火一号”和“福布斯－土壤”送入太空的是俄罗斯“天顶－２ＳＢ”运载火箭。升空后，“福布斯－土壤”探测器上的主发动机将开始工作，并通过３次点火将两个探测器送入环火星轨道，全部飞行过程将历时３００天左右。
由中国自主研发的“萤火一号”探测器长、宽各约７５厘米，高６０厘米。两侧太阳帆板展开近８米，质量约１１５公斤，设计寿命２年。探测器上携带等离子体探测包、光学成像仪、磁通门磁强仪、掩星探测接收机等４类有效载荷。它将对火星进行为期一年的在轨探测，其任务包括探测火星及其空间环境、揭示类行星空间演化特征等。
航天专家认为，尽管其他国家已向火星发射过约２０个探测器，然而寻找水和生命痕迹及探究火星表面物理化学特性是这些航天器的探测重点。与之不同的是，“萤火一号”将重点探测火星高层大气和电离层等空间环境。这不但对揭示火星演化史十分重要，而且还为中国下一步进行深空探测打下基础。
据俄航天署公布的消息，总质量达１３．５吨的俄“福布斯－土壤”探测器将环绕火星轨道飞行数月，并进行一系列探测。随后，其着陆舱将在火卫一上选择适合地点并着陆。着陆舱上的两个机械臂将在火卫一表面收集质量约２００克的土壤并将其放置于返回舱内。随后，“福布斯－土壤”的返回舱将带着这些样品离开火卫一，并用１０至１１个月的时间重返地球。而探测器上的其他星载仪器将继续对火星的气候和轨道空间进行长期探测。
据悉，如果“萤火一号”和“福布斯－土壤”两颗探测器能够顺利进入预定轨道，人类将首次实现利用处于不同位置的两个航天器来同时对火星电离层和磁场进行研究。俄罗斯联邦航天署副署长达维多夫此前在接受新华社记者采访时说，联合探测火星对俄中双方而言意义重大，希望这一项目能够最终圆满成功。
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-15631472
8 November 2011 Last updated at 21:41 GMT
Share this page
Delicious
Digg
StumbleUpon
Russians launch Mars moon probe
By Jonathan Amos Science correspondent, BBC News
The Phobos-Grunt spacecraft will reach Mars in September 2012
Continue reading the main story
Related Stories
Mars mission makes Earth 'return'
Giant space scope reaches orbit
Massive blast 'created Mars moon'
Russia has launched an audacious bid to scoop up rock and dust samples from the Martian moon Phobos and bring them back to Earth for study.
The dusty debris should provide fresh insights into the origin of the 27km-wide moon that many scientists suspect may actually be a captured asteroid.
The mission is called Phobos-Grunt - "grunt" means "soil" in Russian.
It is a significant venture also because it is carrying China's first Mars satellite.
Yinghuo-1 is a 115kg probe that will ride piggyback and be released into an observation orbit around the Red Planet.
The craft lifted off from Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on a Zenit-2SB rocket at 00:16 local time on Wednesday (20:16 GMT Tuesday).
The moon samples could be back on Earth in 33 months' time.
Torrid history
Russia is hoping Phobos-Grunt will finally see it conquer its Martian curse.
Moscow has despatched a total of 16 missions to the Red Planet since the 1960s. None has successfully completed its goals, with the most recent endeavour - the sophisticated Mars-96 spacecraft - being destroyed in a failed launch.
Lead scientist at Moscow's Space Research Institute, Alexander Zakharov, said: "We haven't had a successful interplanetary expedition for over 15 years.
"In that time, the people, the technology, everything has changed. It's all new for us; in many ways we are working from scratch."
Phobos-Grunt (Roscosmos) Phobos-Grunt will attempt to end a dreadful run of failure for Russia at the Red Planet
Phobos-Grunt is a hefty spacecraft, requiring several elements to complete the tasks of landing on the moon, picking up the samples and then despatching them home.
If you include the cruise stage (and all its fuel) that will take Phobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 out to Mars, the total launch mass for the mission is more than 11 tonnes.
Phobos-Grunt is scheduled to reach Mars next September.
After dumping its cruise stage and releasing Yinghuo-1, the main spacecraft will manoeuvre itself into position to land on Phobos.
Shipped home
Detailed mapping of the moon has been conducted by the European Space Agency's Mars Express (MEx) satellite, and this information is being used to identify a suitable location to land in February 2013.
Once on the surface, a robotic arm will pick up samples of the regolith ("soil"). Some of this material will be analysed there and then, but a portion of it - about 200g - will be transferred to a canister for return to Earth.
This canister and its departure stage should be sent home within a few days of Phobos-Grunt's arrival on the moon. All being well, the canister should fall to Earth in the Kazakh desert in August 2014.
Potato-shaped Phobos is a fascinating target. Although it has been studied extensively by passing satellites, it still holds many secrets - not just about itself, but also the planet below.
It is one of two moons at Mars (the other being Deimos). It has an extremely low density, indicating it probably has many interior voids.
Some scientists think it may be a collection of rocky rubble that coalesced around the Red Planet soon after its formation. Another explanation is that it is an asteroid that came close to Mars and got caught in its gravity.
'Water bears'
The French (Cnes) and German (DLR) space agencies have provided instrumentation for Phobos-Grunt. The European Space Agency, in addition to its survey information from MEx, will be providing ground support.
US participation comes in the form of the space advocacy group, The Planetary Society.
It is sending its Living Interplanetar Flight Experiment (LIFE) on Phobos-Grunt.
This package of hardy micro-organisms will make the journeys out and back inside a separate compartment in the return capsule.
It will test theories on how living organisms could spread through the Solar System by simulating aspects of the long-duration voyage that microbes could make in a meteoroid that has been blasted off one planetary body and landed on another.
The microscopic participants in LIFE include the bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans, known for its ability to withstand high doses of radiation, and the eight-legged tardigrade (or "water bear"), a microscopic invertebrate that has already demonstrated its ability to survive short exposure to the space environment.
[email protected]
